ArticleInternational journal of geriatric psychiatry2019
Inequalities in elevated depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults by rural childhood residence: The important role of education.
Article in International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- The role of residence tenure on rural Medicare beneficiaries' health outcomes.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
- Living with technological challenges: does socioeconomic status affect people's health?BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status, loneliness, and depression among older adults: a cross-sectional study in Spain.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Comparison of Imputation Strategies for Incomplete Longitudinal Data in Life-Course Epidemiology.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Food insecurity associated with higher COVID-19 infection in households with older adults.Public health · 2021Article
- Does digital technology reduce health disparity? Investigating difference of depression stemming from socioeconomic status among Chinese older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo quantify inequalities in the prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms by rural childhood residence and the extent to which childhood socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment contribute to this disparity.
methodsWe identified the prevalence of depressive symptoms among US-born adults ages 50 years and older in the 1998 to 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 16 022). We compared prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (>4/8 symptoms) by rural versus nonrural childhood residence (self-report) and the extent to which own education mediated this disparity. We used generalized estimating equations and marginal standardization to calculate predicted probabilities of elevated depressive symptoms.
resultsIn age, race/ethnicity, and sex-adjusted models, rural childhood residence was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12-1.29; marginal predicted probability 10.5% for rural and 8.9% for nonrural childhood residence). Adjusting for US Census birth region and parental education attenuated this association (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.99-1.15; marginal predicted probability 9.9% for rural and 9.3% for nonrural). After additional adjustment for own education, rural childhood residence was not associated with elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.01; marginal predicted probability 9.2% for rural and 9.8% for nonrural).
conclusionsRural childhood residence was associated with elevated depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults; birth region, parental education, and own education appear to contribute to this disparity.
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