ArticlePsychological methods2020
SMART longitudinal analysis: A tutorial for using repeated outcome measures from SMART studies to compare adaptive interventions.
Article in Psychological methods, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06957067 (Reducing Dropout and Improving Outcomes From PTSD Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Reducing Dropout and Improving Outcomes From PTSD Therapy: When to Switch Therapies or Stay the Course
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions for Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Use: A Systematic Review.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical Pharmacists, Medications, and Contingency Management for Targeting Smoking in HIV Clinics: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Working Women Walking Program: A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial.Journal of physical activity & health · 2025Trial
- An Adaptive Behavioral Intervention for Weight Loss Management: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA · 2024Trial
- Mixed amphetamine salts-extended release (MAS-ER) as a behavioral treatment augmentation strategy for cocaine use disorder: A randomized clinical trial.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Deeply Tailored Adaptive Interventions to Reduce College Student Drinking: a Real-World Application of Q-Learning for SMART Studies.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2022Trial
- BestFIT Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial Results: A SMART Approach to Developing Individualized Weight Loss Treatment Sequences.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2022Trial
- Optimal allocation to treatments in a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Trial
- Adaptive intervention for prevention of adolescent suicidal behavior after hospitalization: a pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2021Trial
- Main outcomes of M-bridge: A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) for developing an adaptive preventive intervention for college drinking.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2021Trial
- Article
- How and when do work stressors and peer norms impact career entrants' alcohol-related behavior and its consequences?Human relations; studies towards the integration of the social sciences · 2025Article
- Evaluating digital intervention approaches for supporting immigrant women with intimate partner violence experiences: Findings from the It's weWomen plus sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART).Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2025Article
- Telehealth engagement and treatment strategies for adults living with alcohol use disorder: A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial protocol.Contemporary clinical trials · 2025Article
- Article
- Optimal adaptive SMART designs with binary outcomes.Biometrics · 2024Article
- A MARGINAL STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR PARTIAL COMPLIANCE IN SMARTS.The annals of applied statistics · 2024Article
- Design of experiments with sequential randomizations on multiple timescales: the hybrid experimental design.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Digital Adaptive Behavioral Interventions to Improve HIV Prevention and Care: Innovations in Intervention Approach and Experimental Design.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
- Sample size estimation for comparing dynamic treatment regimens in a SMART: A Monte Carlo-based approach and case study with longitudinal overdispersed count outcomes.Statistical methods in medical research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increased interest in the development of adaptive interventions across various domains of health and psychological research. An adaptive intervention is a protocolized sequence of individualized treatments that seeks to address the unique and changing needs of individuals as they progress through an intervention program. The sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART) is an experimental study design that can be used to build the empirical basis for the construction of effective adaptive interventions. A SMART involves multiple stages of randomizations; each stage of randomization is designed to address scientific questions concerning the best intervention option to employ at that point in the intervention. Several adaptive interventions are embedded in a SMART by design; many SMARTs are motivated by scientific questions that concern the comparison of these embedded adaptive interventions. Until recently, analysis methods available for the comparison of adaptive interventions were limited to end-of-study outcomes. The current article provides an accessible and comprehensive tutorial to a new methodology for using repeated outcome data from SMART studies to compare adaptive interventions. We discuss how existing methods for comparing adaptive interventions in terms of end-of-study outcome data from a SMART can be extended for use with longitudinal outcome data. We also highlight the scientific utility of using longitudinal data from a SMART to compare adaptive interventions. A SMART study aiming to develop an adaptive intervention to engage alcohol- and cocaine-dependent individuals in treatment is used to demonstrate the application of this new methodology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.