ReviewFrontiers in medicine2019
Kallikrein/K1, Kinins, and ACE/Kininase II in Homeostasis and in Disease Insight From Human and Experimental Genetic Studies, Therapeutic Implication.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma Protein Profile of Incident Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, and Heart Failure in 2 Cohorts.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Pooled it
- Endothelial triple-pathway vasorelaxation as an adjunctive strategy in resistant hypertension.Journal of hypertension · 2026Review
- Research Progress on the Mechanism of Action of Food-Derived ACE-Inhibitory Peptides.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Genetic predisposition to nephropathy and associated cardiovascular disease in people with type 1 diabetes: role of the angiotensinI-converting enzyme (ACE), and beyond; a narrative review.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Review
- Impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on the survival of patients with rectal cancer.BMC cancer · 2022Article
- Bradykinin - An elusive peptide in measuring and understanding.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2022Article
- Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Reducing the Risk and Improving the Treatment of COVID-19 by Targeting SARS-CoV-2.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Kinin-Kallikrein Systems in the Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Kinins and Kinin Receptors in Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- A Robust Bioassay of the Human Bradykinin BPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- In Vitro Modeling of Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema States.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- A Systematic Review of Molecular Imaging Agents Targeting Bradykinin B1 and B2 Receptors.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- A comprehensive review on drug repositioning against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2020Review
- Review of evidence on using ACEi and ARBs in patients with hypertension and COVID-19.Drugs & therapy perspectives : for rational drug selection and use · 2020Article
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Candidates as Complementary Treatments for COVID-19: A Review of Their Mechanisms, Pros and Cons.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Kallikrein-K1 is the main kinin-forming enzyme in organs in resting condition and in several pathological situations whereas angiotensin I-converting enzyme/kininase II (ACE) is the main kinin-inactivating enzyme in the circulation. Both ACE and K1 activity levels are genetic traits in man. Recent research based mainly on human genetic studies and study of genetically modified mice has documented the physiological role of K1 in the circulation, and also refined understanding of the role of ACE. Kallikrein-K1 is synthesized in arteries and involved in flow-induced vasodilatation. Endothelial ACE synthesis displays strong vessel and organ specificity modulating bioavailability of angiotensins and kinins locally. In pathological situations resulting from hemodynamic, ischemic, or metabolic insult to the cardiovascular system and the kidney K1 and kinins exert critical end-organ protective action and K1 deficiency results in severe worsening of the conditions, at least in the mouse. On the opposite, genetically high ACE level is associated with increased risk of developing ischemic and diabetic cardiac or renal diseases and worsened prognosis of these diseases. The association has been well-documented clinically while causality was established by ACE gene titration in mice. Studies suggest that reduced bioavailability of kinins is prominently involved in the detrimental effect of K1 deficiency or high ACE activity in diseases. Kinins are involved in the therapeutic effect of both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockers. Based on these findings, a new therapeutic hypothesis focused on selective pharmacological activation of kinin receptors has been launched. Proof of concept was obtained by using prototypic agonists in experimental ischemic and diabetic diseases in mice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.