ReviewSports (Basel, Switzerland)2019
Towards a Sustainable Nutrition Paradigm in Physique Sport: A Narrative Review.
Review in Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Between Aesthetics and Health: Disordered Eating, Exercise Addiction, and Body Image in Competitive Bodybuilders.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- The influence of sustainable sport nutrition practices on youth sports participants.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Comparison of athlete diet index and body composition between professional and non-professional athletes: a comparative cross-sectional study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- The harder the prep, the harder the recovery: a qualitative exploration of physique athlete perspectives on competition weight loss and restoration.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- Sport Participation and Gender Differences in Dietary Preferences: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italian Adults.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The associations between calorie tracking, body image dissatisfaction, eating disorders, and menstrual cycle characteristics in resistance-trained athletes.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Article
- The general nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters vary by competitive calibre and sex, weight, and age class.European journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Effect of Small and Large Energy Surpluses on Strength, Muscle, and Skinfold Thickness in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Parallel Groups Design.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
- Predictors of Food and Physical Activity Tracking Among Young Adults.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2023Article
- Dietary Intake and Supplement Use in Competitive Women Bodybuilders.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- "You can't shoot another bullet until you've reloaded the gun": Coaches' perceptions, practices and experiences of deloading in strength and physique sports.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- After the spotlight: are evidence-based recommendations for refeeding post-contest energy restriction available for physique athletes? A scoping review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022Article
- Biopsychosocial Effects of Competition Preparation in Natural Bodybuilders.Journal of human kinetics · 2021Article
- Perceived ideal body weight exacerbates bulimia and dieting in Bodybuilding Athletes.Toxicology reports · 2021Article
- High-Protein Energy-Restriction: Effects on Body Composition, Contractile Properties, Mood, and Sleep in Active Young College Students.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2021Article
- Reasons for and Consequences of Low Energy Availability in Female and Male Athletes: Social Environment, Adaptations, and Prevention.Sports medicine - open · 2020Review
- Physiological, Psychological and Performance-Related Changes Following Physique Competition: A Case-Series.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2020Article
- Physical health and symptoms of relative energy deficiency in female fitness athletes.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2020Article
- Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes.Journal of human kinetics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Physique athletes strive for low body fat with high lean mass and have higher body image and eating disorder rates than the general population, and even other weightlifting populations. Whether athletes with a background or tendency to develop these issues are drawn to the sport, or whether it drives these higher incidences, is unknown. However, the biological drive of cyclical energy restriction may contribute to binge-eating behavior. Additionally, requisite monitoring, manipulation, comparison, and judgement of one's physique may contribute to body image concerns. Contest preparation necessitates manipulating body composition through energy restriction and increased expenditure, requiring dietary restraint and nutrition, exercise, and physique assessment. Thus, competitors are at mental health risk due to (1) pre-existing or predispositions to develop body image or eating disorders; (2) biological effects of energy restriction on eating psychology; and (3) dietary restraint attitudes and resultant physique, exercise, and nutrition monitoring behavior. In our narrative review we cover each factor, concluding with tentative best-practice recommendations, including dietary flexibility, slower weight loss, structured monitoring, gradual returns to offseason energy intakes, internal eating cues, appropriate offseason body compositions, and support from nutrition and mental health professionals. A mental health focus is a needed paradigm shift in bodybuilding nutrition practice and research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.