Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31314966›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2019

HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a Community Health Approach in Rural Africa.

Diane V Havlir, Laura B Balzer, Edwin D Charlebois, Tamara D Clark, Dalsone Kwarisiima, James Ayieko, Jane Kabami, Norton Sang, Teri Liegler, Gabriel Chamie and 37 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01864603 (Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health), which is not on this map. Cited by 151 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
151citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
21.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01864603 nacompletednot on this map

Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, San FranciscoRan2013 to 2021Enrolled150,395ConditionsHIV, Tuberculosis, Hypertension, DiabetesArmsUniversal ART in a streamlined care model, Annual Community Health Campaigns, Targeted PrEP and Targeted testing interventions, Baseline community-based HIV and multi-disease testing
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

151 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. BMJ open · 2021
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  13. Community-Wide Universal HIV Test and Treat Intervention Reduces Tuberculosis Transmission in Rural Uganda: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024
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91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

47 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.

Diane V HavlirFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Laura B BalzerFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Edwin D CharleboisFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Tamara D ClarkFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Dalsone KwarisiimaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
James AyiekoFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Jane KabamiFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Norton SangFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Teri LieglerFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Gabriel ChamieFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Carol S CamlinFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Vivek JainFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Kevin KadedeFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Mucunguzi AtukundaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Theodore RuelFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Starley B ShadeFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Emmanuel SsemmondoFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Dathan M ByonanebyeFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Florence MwangwaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Asiphas OwaraganiseFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Winter OliloFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Douglas BlackFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Katherine SnymanFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Rachel BurgerFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Monica GetahunFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Jackson AchandoFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Benard AwuondaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Hellen NakatoFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Joel KirondeFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Samuel OkirorFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Harsha ThirumurthyFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Catherine KossFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Lillian BrownFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Carina MarquezFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Joshua SchwabFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Geoff LavoyFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Albert PlentyFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Erick Mugoma WafulaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Patrick OmanyaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Yea-Hung ChenFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
James F RooneyFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Melanie BaconFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Mark van der LaanFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Craig R CohenFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Elizabeth BukusiFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Moses R KamyaFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Maya PetersenFrom the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.V.H., T.D.C., T.L., G.C., V.J., D.B., K.S., C.K., L.B., C.M.), the Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine (E.D.C., S.B.S., A.P.), the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.S.C., R.B., M.G., C.R.C.), and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics (T.R.), University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health (Y.-H.C.), San Francisco, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (J.S., M.L., M.P.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (J.F.R.) - all in California; the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (L.B.B.); the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (D.K., J. Kabami, M.A., E.S., D.M.B., F.M., A.O., H.N., J. Kironde, S.O., G.L.) and the School of Medicine, Makerere University (M.R.K.), Kampala, Uganda; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi (J. Ayieko, N.S., K.K., W.O., J. Achando, B.A., E.M.W., P.O., E.B.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.T.); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.B.).
Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration · UGOffice of Infectious Diseases · USKenya Medical Research Institute · KEUniversity of California, Berkeley · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USGilead Sciences (United States) · USMakerere University · UGNational Institutes of Health · USSan Francisco Department of Public Health · USUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

Leadership and Operations Center (LOC), AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG); LOC 1/UM1AI068636 · NIAID · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Joseph J Eron, RAJESH T GANDHI · 2011 to 2026
$1073.1M
Virology CoreP30AI027763 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI STEVEN Grant DEEKS · 1988 to 2026
$93.6M
Ujima Mentoring ProgramP30MH062246 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI MALLORY O JOHNSON · 2001 to 2026
$57.4M
Reducing Failure-to-Initiate ART: Streamlined ART Start Strategy (START)U01AI099959 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HAVLIR, DIANE V · 2012 to 2016
$39.7M
San Francisco Vaccine and Prevention UnitUM1AI069496 · NIAID · PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION ENTERPRISES · PI Susan Buchbinder, Diane V Havlir · 2012 to 2026
$30.5M
Targeted Learning using adaptive designs for HIV Epidemic control in East AfricaR01AI074345 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI PETERSEN, MAYA LIV, VANDERLAAN, MARK J · 2007 to 2023
$6.6M
Optimizing Adherence to PrEP among Young African Women through a Community Adherence Club InterventionK23MH114760 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI KOSS, CATHERINE ANNE STIMETS · 2018 to 2021
$796k
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases undefined U01AI099959National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases undefined UM1AI068636NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI027763NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI074345NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI099959NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI068636NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI069496NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH114760NIMH NIH HHS P30 MH062246
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUniversal antiretroviral therapy (ART) with annual population testing and a multidisease, patient-centered strategy could reduce new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and improve community health.

methodsWe randomly assigned 32 rural communities in Uganda and Kenya to baseline HIV and multidisease testing and national guideline-restricted ART (control group) or to baseline testing plus annual testing, eligibility for universal ART, and patient-centered care (intervention group). The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of HIV infection at 3 years. Secondary end points included viral suppression, death, tuberculosis, hypertension control, and the change in the annual incidence of HIV infection (which was evaluated in the intervention group only).

resultsA total of 150,395 persons were included in the analyses. Population-level viral suppression among 15,399 HIV-infected persons was 42% at baseline and was higher in the intervention group than in the control group at 3 years (79% vs. 68%; relative prevalence, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.20). The annual incidence of HIV infection in the intervention group decreased by 32% over 3 years (from 0.43 to 0.31 cases per 100 person-years; relative rate, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.84). However, the 3-year cumulative incidence (704 incident HIV infections) did not differ significantly between the intervention group and the control group (0.77% and 0.81%, respectively; relative risk, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.17). Among HIV-infected persons, the risk of death by year 3 was 3% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group (0.99 vs. 1.29 deaths per 100 person-years; relative risk, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.93). The risk of HIV-associated tuberculosis or death by year 3 among HIV-infected persons was 4% in the intervention group and 5% in the control group (1.19 vs. 1.50 events per 100 person-years; relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.94). At 3 years, 47% of adults with hypertension in the intervention group and 37% in the control group had hypertension control (relative prevalence, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.39).

conclusionsUniversal HIV treatment did not result in a significantly lower incidence of HIV infection than standard care, probably owing to the availability of comprehensive baseline HIV testing and the rapid expansion of ART eligibility in the control group. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; SEARCH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01864603.).

Indexed as

Community Health ServicesMass Drug AdministrationMass ScreeningAdolescentAdultAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsAnti-Retroviral AgentsFemaleHIV InfectionsHumansIncidenceKenyaMaleMiddle AgedPatient-Centered CarePrevalenceAnti-Retroviral Agents

Identifiers

PMID31314966
PMCPMC6748325
OpenAlexW2960675107

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.