ArticleDementia and geriatric cognitive disorders2019
Validity and Utility of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Detecting Depression in Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia.
Article in Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of the Association Between Psychosocial Stressors and Depression Among Family Caregivers of Individuals With Young-Onset Dementia and Late-Onset Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society · 2026Article
- Effects of a closed-loop mindfulness-based program for reducing stress in family caregivers of people with dementia: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- iSupport for rare dementias: a mixed-methods non-randomised feasibility study of an online self-help programme for carers.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- Development of a Mindfulness and Self-compassion (MASC) Stress Reduction Program for Caregivers of Persons With Dementia With Behavioral Symptoms.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Pre- and post- COVID-19 trends related to dementia caregiving on Twitter.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association of alcohol consumption with sleep disturbance among adolescents in China: a cross-sectional analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Caregiver Psychosocial Factors & Stroke Survivor Cognitive Outcomes: A REGARDS-CARES Cohort Study.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2025Article
- Evaluating the effects of the World Health Organization's online intervention 'iSupport' to reduce depression and distress in dementia carers: a multi-centre six-month randomised controlled trial in the UK.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Effect of a single-session mindfulness-based intervention for reducing stress in family caregivers of people with dementia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Burden and Depression among Empirically-Derived Subgroups of Family Caregivers for Individuals With Dementia.Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Acculturation and Mental Health in Korean American Family Caregivers of Community-Dwelling Persons Living with Dementia.Clinical nursing research · 2024Article
- Article
- Measurement Properties of the 15-Item Singapore Caregiver Quality of Life Scale (SCQOLS-15) in Family Caregivers of Patients with Heart Diseases.The patient · 2023Observational
- Caring for a Relative With Dementia in Long-Term Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.Innovation in aging · 2023Article
- Understanding neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: challenges and advances in diagnosis and treatment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Influence of preparedness on caregiver burden, depression, and quality of life in caregivers of people with disabilities.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Depression among caregivers of patients with dementia: Associative factors and management approaches.World journal of psychiatry · 2022Review
- Caregiver subjective and physiological markers of stress and patient heart failure severity in family care dyads.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2021Article
- Neuropsychiatric symptoms in early stage of Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's dementia, and the risk of progression to severe dementia.Age and ageing · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsThe psychometric properties of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) have never been substantively investigated in caregivers of persons with dementia (PwD). We evaluated the validity and reliability of CES-D for detecting caregiver depression in dementia, and assessed whether CES-D could provide added utility beyond Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI).
methodFamily caregivers of community-dwelling PwD (n = 394) completed self-administered questionnaires containing CES-D. Factorial validity was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis; convergent and discriminant validity with Pearson's correlation coefficient; known-group validity by comparing across key variables; and internal consistency reliability with Cronbach's α. Cohen's κ was used to compare the agreement between those with depression (CES-D ≥16) and those with high caregiver burden (ZBI >60).
resultsCES-D demonstrated convergent, discriminant and known-group validity, consistent with a priori hypotheses. The original four-factor model of CES-D produced the best model-fit indices. Internal consistency reliability was good for the CES-D total scale (α = 0.92), but lower for the Positive affect and Interpersonal problems subscales (α = 0.70-0.74). Forty-five percent of the caregivers had depression as identified by CES-D (95% CI 40-50%), but most of them were not identified by high ZBI scores (κ = 0.16).
conclusionsCES-D is a valid and reliable scale for detecting caregiver depression in dementia. It has added utility, beyond that of a caregiver burden scale, in identifying a subgroup of caregivers with depression but not burden. However, two subscales (Positive affect and Interpersonal problems) may require caution in interpretation among non-Caucasian caregivers.
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