ArticleAppetite2019
Snacking frequency and dietary intake in toddlers and preschool children.
Article in Appetite, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- How to Teach Healthy Life-Style Efficiently in a Pediatric Outpatient Setting: Proposal of an Innovative Tridimensional Pyramid.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Toddler dietary patterns from the INSIGHT randomized clinical trial comparing responsive parenting versus control: A latent class analysis.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Food Properties and Individual Characteristics Influence Children's Intake Across Multiple Days of Weighed Assessments in Childcare Programs.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Experiential learning for nutrition literacy of school-aged children: a study protocol of cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Estimating the Impact on Parents' Infant Feeding Choices of Increasing Age Guidance and Adding Sugar Warning Labels to Commercial Infant Foods: A Mixed-Methods Study.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Additives in foods marketed to children in Uruguay, an emerging Latin American country.Journal of nutritional science · 2025Article
- Snack Confusion: Parents perceive baby, child and adult snacks as more similar than they actually are.Current research in food science · 2025Article
- Associations between child eating behaviors with eating patterns and diet quality in preschool-aged children.Appetite · 2024Article
- The Associations between Snack Intake and Cariogenic Oral Microorganism Colonization in Young Children of a Low Socioeconomic Status.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 kindergarten closure on overweight and obesity among 3- to 7-year-old children.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Article
- Eating Frequency in European Children from 1 to 96 Months of Age: Results of the Childhood Obesity Project Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Association of Snacking Frequency, Size, and Energy Density with Weight Status among Preschool-Aged Children in the United States.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between snacking and dietary intake in early life years is one key but understudied area. In this study, we examined snacking patterns in toddlers and preschool children and the associations between snacking frequency and daily energy intake. We analyzed data from children aged 12-72 months (N = 1186) in the Newborn Epigenetic STudy (NEST). We used Bonferroni multiple comparison methods to examine the differences in snacking patterns across subgroups. Linear and quantile regression models were fit to investigate the association between dietary intake and snacking frequency. Our estimates suggest that Non-Hispanic blacks had the highest total daily energy intake from snacks (334 kcal/day) compared to non-Hispanic whites (270 kcal/day) and Hispanics (274 kcal/day) in 12-to-24-month-olds. In 2-to-6-year-olds, mean energy intake from snacks was 296 kcal/day without a significant racial/ethnic difference. Carbohydrate, fat and protein from snacks contributed about 17%, 9% and 4% respectively of the total energy intake in 12-to-24-month-olds while they contributed about 15%, 7% and 2% respectively of the total energy intake in the other age group. Snacking frequency was positively and significantly associated with total daily energy intake in both 12-to-24-month-olds and 2-to-6-year-olds as indicated by regression coefficient estimates of snacking frequency (β = 31.3 kcal/day with P = 0.027 and β = 175.4 kcal/day with P < 0.0001, respectively, indicating a higher snacking frequency was associated with a greater total daily energy intake). In conclusion, snacking frequency was positively associated with daily energy intake. Carbohydrates and fats from snacks are significant energy contributors. Age differentiation was apparent regarding the relationship between snacking frequency and dietary intake. Differentiated interventions that are age-specific and focus on the dietary quality of snacks instead of quantity are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.