Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31301035›Full record

ArticleSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2019

Motor Competence Levels and Developmental Delay in Early Childhood: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in the USA.

Ali Brian, Adam Pennell, Sally Taunton, Angela Starrett, Candice Howard-Shaughnessy, Jacqueline D Goodway, Danielle Wadsworth, Mary Rudisill, David Stodden

Erratum issued Registry-linked trialAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT07756931 (Effects of Rainbow Parachute Games on Upper Extremity Strength and Social-Emotional Skills in Children With Developmental Delay), which is not on this map. Cited by 59 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
59citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07756931 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Effects of Rainbow Parachute Games on Upper Extremity Strength and Social-Emotional Skills in Children With Developmental Delay

TypeinterventionalSponsorRiphah International UniversityRan2025 to 2026Enrolled12ConditionsDevelopmental DelayArmsRainbow parachute Games, Rhyming Activities
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

59 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  12. Intervention Strategies to Elicit MVPA in Preschoolers during Outdoor Play.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020
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  15. Associations between neonatal brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcomes following very preterm birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ali BrianDepartment of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. abrian@sc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-0938
Adam PennellNatural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA.
Sally TauntonDepartment of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
Angela StarrettChild Development Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
Candice Howard-ShaughnessyDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA.
Jacqueline D GoodwayDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Danielle WadsworthSchool of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Mary RudisillSchool of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
David StoddenDepartment of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesDevelopmental delay in motor competence may limit a child's ability to successfully participate in structured and informal learning/social opportunities that are critical to holistic development. Current motor competence levels in the USA are relatively unknown. The purposes of this study were to explore motor competence levels of US children aged 3-6 years, report percentages of children demonstrating developmental delay, and investigate both within and across childcare site predictors of motor competence, including sex, race, geographic region, socioeconomic status, and body mass index percentile classification. Potential implications from results could lead to a greater awareness of the number of children with developmental delay, the impetus for evidence-based interventions, and the creation of consistent qualification standards for all children so that those who need services are not missed.

methodsParticipants included children (N = 580, 296 girls) aged 3-6 years (M

resultsFor both Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition subscales, approximately 77% of the entire sample qualified as at risk for developmental delay (≤ 25th percentile), while 30%  of the entire sample were at or below 5th percentile. All groups (e.g., sex, race, socioeconomic status) were prone to developmental delay. Raw object control scores differed by sex.

conclusionsDevelopmental delay in motor competence is an emerging epidemic that needs to be systematically acknowledged and addressed in the USA. By shifting norms based upon current data, there may be a lower standard of "typical development" that may have profound effects on factors that support long-term health.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentMotor SkillsBody Mass IndexChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesDevelopmental DisabilitiesFemaleHumansMaleSocial ClassUnited States

Identifiers

PMID31301035

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.