ArticleGene therapy2019
Inside out: optimization of lipid nanoparticle formulations for exterior complexation and in vivo delivery of saRNA.
Article in Gene therapy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 202 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human T cell engineering via serial delivery of mRNA encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Genetic Medicine Approaches for Tumor Suppressor Loss: Therapeutic Replacement with Self-Amplifying RNA.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Delivering the future of immunotherapy: A state-of-the-art review of gene editing in immune cells with lipid nanoparticles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticle formulations including stereochemically defined glycomacromolecules for delivery of saRNA.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Engineering challenges and translational opportunities in emerging gene delivery platforms.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Using an RNA binding protein to detect mRNA on lipid nanoparticles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Self-amplifying mRNA vaccine for infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) induces efficient protective immunity.Poultry science · 2026Article
- mRNA vaccines for viral diseases: mechanism, advances, and future perspective.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- A stable two-component cationic liposome platform for mRNA delivery induces CD8Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- FAST-CRISPR: Fusogenic Association and Secured Transfection of CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins Using Lipid-Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Genome Editing.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Plasmid DNA Delivery Using a Stable Nanovesicle Platform: A Design-of-Experiments-Guided Investigation.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
- A binary self-amplifying expression platform enabling lipid nanoparticle-free vaccines and nanomedicines.Nature communications · 2025Article
- StealthX: A Versatile and Potent Exosome-Based Vaccine Platform for the Next Pandemic.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Divergent Delivery and Expression Kinetics of Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles across mRNA Modalities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Nanobody-Decorated Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced mRNA Delivery to Tumors In Vivo.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Inhibiting FAT1 Blocks Metabolic Bypass to Enhance Antitumor Efficacy of TCA Cycle Inhibition through Suppressing CPT1A-Dependent Fatty Acid Oxidation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- HIV-1 Tat: Molecular Switch in Viral Persistence and Emerging Technologies for Functional Cure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The advent of clinical self-amplifying RNA vaccines.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Mitigating Shear Stress in Spray Drying for RNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles through Process and Formulation Optimization.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Laminar fluid ejection device enables high yield and preservation of mRNA and SaRNA LNP formulations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a promising biotherapeutic tool that has been used as a vaccine against both infectious diseases and cancer. saRNA has been shown to induce protein expression for up to 60 days and elicit immune responses with lower dosing than messenger RNA (mRNA). Because saRNA is a large (~9500 nt), negatively charged molecule, it requires a delivery vehicle for efficient cellular uptake and degradation protection. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely used for RNA formulations, where the prevailing paradigm is to encapsulate RNA within the particle, including the first FDA-approved small-interfering siRNA therapy. Here, we compared LNP formulations with cationic and ionizable lipids with saRNA either on the interior or exterior of the particle. We show that LNPs formulated with cationic lipids protect saRNA from RNAse degradation, even when it is adsorbed to the surface. Furthermore, cationic LNPs deliver saRNA equivalently to particles formulated with saRNA encapsulated in an ionizable lipid particle, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that cationic and ionizable LNP formulations induce equivalent antibodies against HIV-1 Env gp140 as a model antigen. These studies establish formulating saRNA on the surface of cationic LNPs as an alternative to the paradigm of encapsulating RNA.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.