ArticleScientific reports2019
Reduction of physiological stress by urban green space in a multisensory virtual experiment.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 456 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between green space exposure and elderly health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of green exercise on mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of audit tools for evaluating the quality of green spaces in mental health research.Health & place · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of Multimodal Sensory Therapy in Adult Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Physical Versus Virtual Reality-Based Calm Rooms for Psychiatric Inpatients: Quasi-Randomized Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Trial
- Testing a New Protocol of Nature-Based Intervention to Enhance Well-Being: A Randomized Control Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Effect of noise sensitivity on psychophysiological response through monoscopic 360 video and stereoscopic sound environment experience: a randomized control trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Brief repeated virtual nature contact for three weeks boosts university students' nature connectedness and psychological and physiological health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Trial
- Article
- Brief virtual nature exposure and acute stress: inconclusive evidence regarding stress reactivity, recovery, and emotion regulation.Journal of environmental psychology · 2026Article
- Prediction, pain, and the power of context: toward a contemporary identity for the chiropractic profession.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Review
- 'An Embodied Journey Towards Recovery': A Grounded Theory of Mental Health Service Users' Experiences of a Nature-based Intervention.Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy · 2026Article
- How Mountain Park Spatial Environments Affect Physiological and Psychological Perceptions of Young Adults Based on Real Time Sensor Monitoring.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Differential trait responses of Phragmites australis to urbanisation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- An evaluation of the impact of visual attributes of park landscape spaces on the emotional benefits and behavioral intention of younger older adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- An experimental study of the acute effects of visual and olfactory nature stimuli on task performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Non-linear effects of the urban green space on promoting restorative physical activity among older adults living with different chronic disease status in semi-arid area: a case study of Lanzhou, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Physiological restorative benefits of different types of urban green spaces: a threshold model approach.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The interactive influence mechanism of visual and olfactory stimuli on college students' preferences for campus green spaces.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although stress is an increasing global health problem in cities, urban green spaces can provide health benefits. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the link between physiological mechanisms and qualities of urban green spaces. Here, we compare the effects of visual stimuli (360 degree virtual photos of an urban environment, forest, and park) to the effects of congruent olfactory stimuli (nature and city odours) and auditory stimuli (bird songs and noise) on physiological stress recovery. Participants (N = 154) were pseudo-randomised into participating in one of the three environments and subsequently exposed to stress (operationalised by skin conductance levels). The park and forest, but not the urban area, provided significant stress reduction. High pleasantness ratings of the environment were linked to low physiological stress responses for olfactory and to some extent for auditory, but not for visual stimuli. This result indicates that olfactory stimuli may be better at facilitating stress reduction than visual stimuli. Currently, urban planners prioritise visual stimuli when planning open green spaces, but urban planners should also consider multisensory qualities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.