ArticleRespiratory research2019
Rhinovirus replication and innate immunity in highly differentiated human airway epithelial cells.
Article in Respiratory research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines for the common cold.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- ColdZyme® reduces viral load and upper respiratory tract infection duration and protects airway epithelia from infection with human rhinoviruses.The Journal of physiology · 2025Trial
- Lower viral loads in subjects with rhinovirus-challenged allergy despite reduced innate immunity.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2022Trial
- Airway epithelia clear rhinovirus infection via two waves of cell extrusion.Science advances · 2026Article
- Tonic and early interferons defend against respiratory viruses in primary human lung organoid-derived air-liquid interface cultures.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Cathepsin C orchestrates RSV-induced asthma exacerbation through the dual effect of monocyte-derived macrophages.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Temporal Nasal Epithelial Gene Expression Patterns in Healthy Individuals Infected With Rhinovirus-16, and Its Modulation by Carrot Rhamnogalacturonan-I.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Broad-spectrum host-targeting antivirals for rhinovirus infections: mechanisms and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mucosal Immunity: The Key to Combating Enteroviruses and Beyond.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Potential Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents: A Key Arsenal Against Newly Emerging and Reemerging Respiratory RNA Viruses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Quantifying Rhinovirus Genomic and Negative-Strand RNA by RT-PCR.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- A novelThe European respiratory journal · 2024Article
- Human rhinovirus 16 induces an ICAM-1-PKR-ATF2 axis to modulate macrophage functions.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Rhinovirus induces airway remodeling: what are the physiological consequences?Respiratory research · 2023Review
- Acute cigarette smoke exposure leads to higher viral infection in human bronchial epithelial cultures by altering interferon, glycolysis and GDF15-related pathways.Respiratory research · 2023Article
- Rhinovirus-induced epithelial RIG-I inflammasome suppresses antiviral immunity and promotes inflammation in asthma and COVID-19.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Host-directed therapy with 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits human rhinoviruses, endemic coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2.Journal of virus eradication · 2022Article
- Airway Epithelial Cell Junctions as Targets for Pathogens and Antimicrobial Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa modulates neutrophil granule exocytosis in an in vitro model of airway infection.Immunology and cell biology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the primary cause of the common cold and are a major trigger for exacerbations of lower airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Although human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) are the natural host for HRV infections, much of our understanding of how HRV replicates and induces host antiviral responses is based on studies using non-airway cell lines (e.g. HeLa cells). The current study examines the replication cycle of HRV, and host cell responses, in highly differentiated cultures of HBE.
methodsHighly differentiated cultures of HBE were exposed to initial infectious doses ranging from 10
resultsRegardless of initial infectious dose, relatively constant levels of both genomic and negative strand RNA are generated during replication, with negative strand copy numbers being10,000-fold lower than those of genomic strands. Infections were limited to a small percentage of ciliated cells and did not result in any overt signs of epithelial death. Importantly, regardless of infectious dose, HRV-16 infections were cleared by HBE in the absence of immune cells. Levels of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) varied with initial infectious dose, implying that factors other than levels of double-stranded RNA regulate IFN induction, but the time-course of HRV-16 clearance HBE was the same regardless of levels of IFNs produced. Patterns of antiviral viperin and ISG15 expression suggest they may be generated in an IFN-independent manner during HRV-16 infections.
conclusionsThese data challenge a number of aspects of dogma generated from studies in HeLa cells and emphasize the importance of appropriate cell context when studying HRV infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.