ArticleBMJ open2019
Association between self-reported length of time in the USA and blood lead levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bio-Orthogonal Bacterial Reactor for Remission of Heavy Metal Poisoning and ROS Elimination.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this study is to determine the association between length of time in the USA with blood lead (BPb).
designPopulation-based cross-sectional study using data from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
settingUSA.
participants5933 men and women (≥15 years); subgroups of men only (n=2867), women only (n=3064) and women of childbearing age (15-45 years) (n=1580). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was BPb concentration. The main exposure variable was self-reported number of years spent in the USA, categorised as: born in the USA; 0-4 years; 5-9 years; 10-19 years and ≥20 years. We used linear regression models adjusted for race/ethnicity, education, blood cotinine, age, sex (as appropriate) and accounted for complex survey design.
resultsWomen of childbearing age who have lived 0-4 years in the USA have, on average, a 54% (95% CI 36% to 75%) higher BPb compared with women born in the USA. Corresponding results for all women, men and the entire population were 49% (95% CI 34% to 66%), 49% (95% CI 28% to 75%) and 49% (95% CI 33% to 66%), respectively. Similar, statistically significant, results were observed for other time periods (5-9 years, 10-19 years and ≥20 years); the magnitude of the association decreased with increasing time in the USA.
conclusionsThis study provides additional evidence that newcomers to the USA may be a population at higher risk of elevated BPb.
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