SynthesisBMC medicine2019
Sex differences in the association between diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5,162,654 participants.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific differences in the prevalence of intermediate hyperglycaemia states: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Pooled it
- Life expectancy in individuals with type 1, type 2 diabetes and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Prediabetes and risk of mortality, diabetes-related complications and comorbidities: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies.Diabetologia · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of preexisting diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events in Women vs Men With Type 1 Diabetes.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Trends and Demographic Disparities Among Adults With Sudden Cardiac Death and Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis.Journal of arrhythmia · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Cardiovascular Significance of Albuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Sex and Intersectional Disparities in Access to Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation: A 17-Year Population-Based Cohort Study.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Sex-Stratified Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in the Framingham Heart Study.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Kidney-Vascular Metabolic Crosstalk: Altered Lipoproteins in CKD.Circulation research · 2026Review
- Article
- Insulin resistance and incident prediabetes in underweight individuals: a 5-year Chinese cohort study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Comparison of all-cause mortality risk factors in a population-based cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Cardiovascular Burden of Diabetes: Risk Factors, Clinical Phenotypes, and Personalized Cardiometabolic Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Fasting blood glucose trajectories and atherosclerosis risk: a longitudinal cohort study with threshold analysis in Chongqing, China.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- The Prevalence of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Published Estimates and New Findings from BRFSS Surveys.Cardiovasc medicine (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A comprehensive study on the uric acid to high-density cholesterol ratio influencing cardiometabolic-based chronic disease in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- A Review of Traditional and Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- Competing Risk Analysis for Diabetes Mellitus Mortality in Bladder Cancer Patients: A Population-based Study.Current cancer drug targets · 2026Article
- Sex based disparities in glycemic control and hospitalization outcomes of medical patients with diabetes mellitus-a historical cohort study.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStudies have suggested sex differences in the mortality rate associated with diabetes. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the relative effect of diabetes on the risk of all-cause, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), infectious disease, and respiratory disease mortality in women compared with men.
methodsStudies published from their inception to April 1, 2018, identified through a systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE and review of references. We used the sex-specific RRs to derive the women-to-men ratio of RRs (RRR) and 95% CIs from each study. Subsequently, the RRR for each outcome was pooled with random-effects meta-analysis weighted by the inverse of the variances of the log RRRs.
resultsForty-nine studies with 86 prospective cohorts met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for analysis. The pooled women-to-men RRR showed a 13% greater risk of all-cause mortality associated with diabetes in women than in men (RRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19; P < 0.001). The pooled multiple-adjusted RRR indicated a 30% significantly greater excess risk of CVD mortality in women with diabetes compared with men (RRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.49; P < 0.001). Compared with men with diabetes, women with diabetes had a 58% greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, but only an 8% greater risk of stroke mortality (RRR
conclusionsCompared with men with the same condition, women with diabetes have a 58% and 13% greater risk of CHD and all-cause mortality, respectively, although there was a significant heterogeneity between studies. This points to an urgent need to develop sex- and gender-specific risk assessment strategies and therapeutic interventions that target diabetes management in the context of CHD prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.