ArticlePloS one2019
Season and size of urban particulate matter differentially affect cytotoxicity and human immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the mechanisms of climate change impact on tuberculosis: a complex systems approach.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- The short-term effect of particulate matter on tuberculosis: a time-series study in southern China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Machine learning identifies environmental drivers of pulmonary tuberculosis in Xinjiang a typical arid region of China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Correlations between human alveolar macrophage particulate matter load, air pollution particulate matter levels, and systemic inflammation markers in Mexico City.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Health risk and disease burden of daily hospitalizations for vaginitis due to air pollution: evidence from a heavily-polluted-city in China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The association between pulmonary tuberculosis recurrence and exposure to fine particulate matter and residential greenness: A population-based retrospective study.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Ambient PMEpidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Interactions among tuberculosis, geographic environment and aerosols: evidence from the Kashgar region of China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Association between biomass cooking fuels and prevalence of tuberculosis among households: a cross-sectional study from 2019 - 2021 in India.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Association between ambient particulate matter and latent tuberculosis infection among 198 275 students.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Ambient air pollution contributed to pulmonary tuberculosis in China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between air pollutants and the incidence of tuberculosis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Air Pollution Drives Macrophage Senescence through a Phagolysosome-15-Lipoxygenase Pathway.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Article
- Effects of PMToxics · 2024Article
- Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Household Air Pollution and Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Adults.Research square · 2023Article
- Association of ambient PMIJID regions · 2023Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV2 in public spaces in West London, UK during COVID-19 pandemic.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Article
- Short-term effects of high-resolution (1-km) ambient PMFrontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) and tuberculosis (TB) are two of the leading global public health challenges affecting low and middle income countries. An estimated 4.26 million premature deaths are attributable to household air pollution and an additional 4.1 million to outdoor air pollution annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infects a large proportion of the world's population with the risk for TB development increasing during immunosuppressing conditions. There is strong evidence that such immunosuppressive conditions develop during household air pollution exposure, which increases rates of TB development. Exposure to urban air pollution has been shown to alter the outcome of TB therapy. Here we examined whether in vitro exposure to urban air pollution PM alters human immune responses to M.tb. PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm, <10μm) were collected monthly from rainy, cold-dry and warm-dry seasons in Iztapalapa, a highly populated TB-endemic municipality of Mexico City with elevated outdoor air pollution levels. We evaluated the effects of seasonality and size of PM on cytotoxicity and antimycobacterial host immunity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA)+ and IGRA- healthy study subjects. PM10 from cold-dry and warm-dry seasons induced the highest cytotoxicity in PBMC. With the exception of PM2.5 from the cold-dry season, pre-exposure to all seasonal PM reduced M.tb phagocytosis by PBMC. Furthermore, M.tb-induced IFN-γ production was suppressed in PM2.5 and PM10-pre-exposed PBMC from IGRA+ subjects. This observation coincides with the reduced expression of M.tb-induced T-bet, a transcription factor regulating IFN-γ expression in T cells. Pre-exposure to PM10 compared to PM2.5 led to greater loss of M.tb growth control. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 collected in different seasons differentially impairs M.tb-induced human host immunity, suggesting biological mechanisms underlying altered M.tb infection and TB treatment outcomes during air pollution exposures.
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