ReviewMicrobial cell (Graz, Austria)2019
Adaptive bacterial response to low level chlorhexidine exposure and its implications for hand hygiene.
Review in Microbial cell (Graz, Austria), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dermatological Safety of Chlorhexidine-Impregnated Dressings in Paediatric Intensive Care: A Randomised Clinical Trial.Nursing in critical care · 2026Trial
- Single- and Double-Chain Arginine-Derived Surfactants: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Synergistic Activities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sustained chlorhexidine susceptibility in clinical MRSA isolates despite recent exposure.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Preliminary study on the effects of sub-MIC concentrations of octenidine and polyhexanidine on biofilms produced by animal isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Variable chlorhexidine MICs acrossAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Determining the Effectiveness of Preventive Measures in Reducing Intravenous Injection and Catheter-Related Infections: A Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Review
- Comparative study of common over-the-counter wound care products against early and mature biofilms of antibiotic-resistant wound pathogens.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Widespread Distribution of Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- In vitro long-term exposure to chlorhexidine or triclosan induces cross-resistance against azoles in Nakaseomyces glabratus.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- The contribution of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance to climate change and a possible way to reverse it whilst still offering high quality healthcare-a conceptual analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Multi-Functional Biomaterial for the Treatment and Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2024Article
- Resistome Analysis ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Chlorhexidine Resistance or Cross-Resistance, That Is the Question.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Assessment of Anti-Bacterial Effectiveness of Hand Sanitizers Commonly Used in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Chlorhexidine PromotesInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Applying fluorescent dye assays to discriminate Escherichia coli chlorhexidine resistance phenotypes from porin and mlaA deletions and efflux pumps.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Phenotype and genetic determination of resistance to common disinfectants among biofilm-producing and non-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from clinical specimens in Iran.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Reduced Susceptibility and Increased Resistance of Bacteria against Disinfectants: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Chlorhexidine leads to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is commonly used in healthcare, e.g. in skin antiseptics, antimicrobial soaps, alcohol-based hand rubs and oral or wound antiseptics. Aim of the literature review was to evaluate the potential of bacteria to adapt to low level CHG exposure. A maximum 4fold MIC increase to CHG was found after low level exposure in most of the 71 evaluated bacterial species. A strong adaptive mostly stable MIC change was described in strains or isolates of the healthcare-associated species
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.