ArticleInternational urogynecology journal2020
Toileting behaviors and factors associated with urinary incontinence in college-aged female students in China.
Article in International urogynecology journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toileting Behaviors and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Premenopausal Women: A Case-Control Study.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods scoping review on bladder self-care practices in women with and without lower urinary tract symptoms.Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence and Overactive Bladder Among Female University Students in Kazakhstan.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence in women living in China: a literature review.BMC urology · 2020Review
- Converging on Bladder Health through Design Thinking: From an Ecology of Influence to a Focused Set of Research Questions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Toileting Behaviors Related to Urination in Women: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Related Factors in Iranian Female Nurses.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery researchArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introduction and hypothesisUrinary incontinence (UI) is prevalent among women, including young women (18-30 years old). This article aims to explore the prevalence of UI, as well as toileting behaviors and other factors that are associated with UI, in female college students in central China.
methodsWe used convenience sampling to recruit 1000 students from five institutions of higher education. We distributed pencil-and-paper questionnaires to obtain demographic, environmental, and general health information, including whether UI was present or not, and information regarding toileting behaviors used by the respondents.
resultsMost students, n = 929, responded to the questionnaire. Their ages ranged from 18 to 26 years old (average: 20.5 ± 1.6); 23.6% of these respondents reported UI, 52.7% often/always worried about public toilet cleanliness, and 25.3% often/always delayed emptying their bladder when they were busy. Respondents who were between 21 and 26 years old had a lower probability of UI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.867 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.771-0.975) than younger respondents (18-21 years old). Respondents who reported constipation (OR = 2.395, 95% CI = 1.494-3.839), drank alcohol (OR = 1.763, 95% CI = 1.114-2.792), often/always delayed urination (OR = 1.738, 95% CI = 1.306-2.313), and/or often/always strained to urinate (OR = 1.433, 95% CI = 1.111-1.849) had greater odds of having UI than respondents who did not have constipation or engage in these behaviors.
conclusionsUI is prevalent in young Chinese women who are attending college. These women should be asked and given culturally appropriate information about UI and associated factors that include toileting behaviors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.