ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2019
First Reported Human Cases of Leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, September-November 2017.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of flooding events on waterborne and vector-borne infections: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Epidemiological, temporal, and geographic trends of leptospirosis in the United States, 2014-2020.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Entomological survey to determine the role of cisterns in the production of Aedes aegypti in the U.S. Virgin Islands.PloS one · 2025Article
- One Health Field Approach Applied to Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Across Humans, Animals and the Environment.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Animals Exposed toTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands.ACS ES&T water · 2022Article
- Seroprevalence, distribution, and risk factors for human leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- A Cross-Sectional Household Survey in the US Virgin Islands (2019) Reveals Cisterns as Challenging Peridomestic Aedes aegypti Habitats.Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association · 2022Article
- Molecular detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in urban rodents from wet markets in northeast Malaysia.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2022Article
- Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Assessing rodents as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species in the U.S. Virgin Islands and their risk to animal and public health.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) as reservoir hosts of Leptospira species in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019-2020.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Exposure and Carriage of PathogenicTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Article
- Article
- Leptospira in river and soil in a highly endemic area of Ecuador.BMC microbiology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveFollowing Hurricanes Irma and Maria, the first case of human leptospirosis ever identified in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) was reported to the Virgin Islands Department of Health. Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal bacterial disease caused by
methodAdditional cases of leptospirosis were identified in the 2.5 months post-hurricanes by reviewing emergency department (ED) records from territorial hospitals for patients demonstrating leptospirosis-consistent symptoms, testing symptomatic patients previously enrolled in the USVI arbovirus surveillance system (VIASS), and adding leptospirosis testing prospectively to VIASS. Available patient sera underwent local rapid diagnostic testing for anti-
resultsSixteen retrospectively identified symptomatic patients were enrolled in VIASS; 15 with available samples tested negative. Based on review of 5226 ED charts, 6 patients were further investigated; of these, 5 were tested of which 1 was positive. Prospective leptospirosis surveillance tested 57 additional patients; of these, 1 was positive. Water from 1 of 5 tested cisterns was found positive by qPCR.
conclusionsThis investigation documents the first 3 cases of leptospirosis reported in the USVI and demonstrates how VIASS successfully was adapted to establish leptospirosis surveillance. Contaminated cistern water was identified as a potential source for
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