ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2020
The effects of exercise session timing on weight loss and components of energy balance: midwest exercise trial 2.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing exercise modalities during caloric restriction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis on body composition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Timing of physical activity within the 24-hour day and its influence on health: a systematic review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of exercise training interventions on energy intake and appetite control in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021Pooled it
- Differential benefits of 12-week morning vs. evening aerobic exercise on sleep and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effect of physical activity on changes in weight and aerobic capacity during an 18-month behavioral weight loss intervention.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Trial
- Efficacy of morning versus afternoon aerobic exercise training on reducing metabolic syndrome components: A randomized controlled trial.The Journal of physiology · 2024Trial
- The efficacy of morning versus evening exercise for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Trial
- Trial
- The impact of physical activity and exercise timing on metabolic health among individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Excess of post-resistance exercise energy expenditure: a comparison between morning and evening.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Optimizing timing of exercise to improve metabolic outcomes in obesity and type 2 diabetes.Npj biological timing and sleep · 2026Review
- Neuronal ketone body utilization couples exercise and time-restricted feeding to cognitive enhancement.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Exercise Timing and its Effects on Eating Behavior, Weight, and Body Composition: A Systematic Scoping Review to Identify Gaps and Inform Future Research.Current nutrition reports · 2026Article
- Afternoon exercise was associated with greater fat loss than morning exercise in overweight/obese adults: an exploratory study of PER3 rs228697 genotype matching.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Physical activity substitution: An overlooked constraint on energy expenditure during exercise and physical activity interventions.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- 'I just didn't find time to exercise': Co-designed physical activity resources for young Australian shiftworkers.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Timing of Physical Activity and Associations with BMI and Weekly Physical Activity in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Research quarterly for exercise and sport · 2025Article
- Exploring Strategies to Promote Exercise as a Viable Obesity and Chronic Disease Treatment.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Advancing Chrononutrition for Cardiometabolic Health: A 2023 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Report.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesCircadian physiology has been linked to body weight regulation and obesity. To date, few studies have assessed the association between exercise timing and weight related outcomes. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the impact of exercise timing (i.e., 24 h clock time of exercise session) on weight loss and components of energy balance. SUBJECTS/
methodsOverweight/obese (BMI 25.0-39.9 kg/m
resultsAt month 10, weight loss was significantly greater in both Early-EX (-7.2 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001) and Sporadic-EX (- 5.5 ± 1.2%; p = 0.01) vs CON (+0.5 ± 1.0%), and Early-EX vs Late-EX (-2.1 ± 1.0%; p < 0.001). There were no between group differences for change in TDEE, EI, and non-exercise energy expenditure (P > 0.05). A significant group × time interaction (p = 0.02) was observed for NEPA (counts/min), however, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, group effects were no longer significant.
conclusionsDespite minimal differences in components of energy balance, Early-EX lost significantly more weight compared with Late-Ex. Although the mechanisms are unclear, the timing of exercise may be important for body weight regulation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.