Observational studyJapanese journal of ophthalmology2019
Sex-specific difference in age distribution of congenital lower eyelid epiblepharon in a Japanese population.
Observational study in Japanese journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incisional Blepharoplasty with Skin Excision for Upper Eyelid Epiblepharon Correction: Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes in Two Post-Childhood Cases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Modified Lower Eyelid Retractor Relocation: A More Reliable Surgical Approach for Epiblepharon.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Severe corneal involvement secondary to congenital lower eyelid epiblepharon.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Observational
- Sex-Specific Effect of Obesity on Epiblepharon in Different Age Groups: A Case-Control Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo examine the sex-specific differences in age distribution of Japanese patients with congenital lower eyelid epiblepharon. STUDY
designA retrospective, observational study.
methodsA total of 291 patients (87 men, 204 women) who underwent modified Hotz for correction of congenital lower eyelid epiblepharon were included in this study. Data on sex, age at surgical intervention, and affected side were collected. Patients' age was classified according to the orbital growth pattern (0-3 years, 4-6 years, 7-12 years, 13-15 years, and ≥ 16 years). The sex-specific difference in age distribution was analysed using Pearson's chi-squared test.
resultsAmong male patients, 75 (86.2%) underwent surgery during 4-12 years of age. Only 2 (2.3%) boys had surgery at 13-15 years and 1 had it while he was ≥ 16 years. Among female patients, 11 (5.4%) underwent surgery at 13-15 years and 59 (28.9%) at ≥ 16 years. The age distribution was significantly different between sexes (P < 0.001).
conclusionAmong patients aged ≥13 years, there were more women compared to men. This implies that congenital lower eyelid epiblepharon is more persistent in females and may reflect slower and less orbital growth from 13 years of age and onwards in females. The results suggest that as long as there are no severe corneal complications and no risk for amblyopia, conservative management may be a good option for males since spontaneous resolution is likely to occur. However, for females aged 13 years or more, the threshold for surgical intervention should be lower.
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