ArticleAmerican journal of cancer research2019
Temozolomide promotes immune escape of GBM cells via upregulating PD-L1.
Article in American journal of cancer research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sintilimab (anti-PD-1 antibody) combined with high-dose methotrexate, temozolomide, and rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in primary central nervous system lymphoma: a phase 2 study.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Trial
- The Application of PD-1 Inhibitors in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic reprogramming of natural killer cells for solid tumors: expanding frontiers into rare and ultra-rare malignancies.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Chlorpromazine activates cGAS-STING signaling and reprograms the immune response in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Dual-action nanotherapy: Temozolomide-loaded, anti-PD-L1 scFv-functionalized lipid nanocarriers for targeted glioblastoma therapy.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2025Article
- Wnt Signalling-Activated EN2 Promotes the Progression of Glioblastoma by Upregulating Fatty Acid Synthesis Metabolism.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Targeting PD-L1 for PCNS-DLBCL: from molecular effects to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Exploring Natural Compounds Targeting PD-L1 and STAT3: Toxicogenomic Analysis, Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, ADMET Evaluation, and Biological Activity Prediction.Current computer-aided drug design · 2025Article
- Sesquiterpene lactones and cancer: new insight into antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of parthenolide-derived Dimethylaminomicheliolide and Micheliolide.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Glial ferritin maintains neural stem cells via transporting iron required for self-renewal ineLife · 2024Article
- Gene expression profiling and the isocitrate dehydrogenase mutational landscape of temozolomide‑resistant glioblastoma.Oncology letters · 2024Article
- Glioblastoma Standard of Care: Effects on Tumor Evolution and Reverse Translation in Preclinical Models.Cancers · 2024Review
- The regulatory relationship between NAMPT and PD-L1 in cancer and identification of a dual-targeting inhibitor.EMBO molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Clinical activity and safety of sintilimab, bevacizumab, and TMZ in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- GARNL3 identified as a crucial target for overcoming temozolomide resistance in EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Exploiting autophagy balance in T and NK cells as a new strategy to implement adoptive cell therapies.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
- Vascular Immune Evasion of Mesenchymal Glioblastoma Is Mediated by Interaction and Regulation of VE-Cadherin on PD-L1.Cancers · 2023Article
- Bradykinin B1 Receptor Affects Tumor-Associated Macrophage Activity and Glioblastoma Progression.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF125 Suppresses Immune Escape in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating PD-L1 Expression.Molecular biotechnology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with poor prognosis, and currently effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. Although temozolomide (TMZ) is commonly used for GBM therapy and its mechanism was well characterized, while its side effects were required comprehensive investigation. In the present study, we revealed that TMZ-challenged GBM cells strongly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in activated periphery blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which depended on enhanced transcription of CD274 (encoding PD-L1), but not other immune checkpoints, such as CD276, HVEM and galectin-9. Moreover, abundance of membranous PD-L1 was also increased in TMZ-treated GBM cells. When PD-L1 expression was knocked down by short hairpin RNA (shRNA), inhibitory effect of TMZ-treated GBM cells on PBMC became weakened, suggesting that PD-L1 was crucial for immune inhibition capacity of TMZ-treated GBM cells. Additionally, actinomycin D reduced PD-L1 expression in GBM cells after TMZ challenge, indicating that PD-L1 induction occurred at transcriptional level. The immunoblotting results demonstrated that STAT3 signaling was involved in TMZ-mediated PD-L1 induction, and attenuated expression of PD-L1 was observed using STAT3 inhibitor VI or STAT3 shRNA. Finally, the animal study showed that combination of TMZ and PD-1 antibody therapy strongly inhibited tumor growth and achieved the improved survival rate of GBM mice. Accordingly, this study revealed the classical chemotherapy drug TMZ promoted GBM cells immune escape, even TMZ combine with PD-1 antibody treatment not further improve survival ratio of recurrent GBM patients compared with traditional therapy methods, while our animal study provided evidence that combination of TMZ and PD-1 antibody was a promising way to treat GBM, these contradictory results indicate improving the PD-1 antibody delivery efficiency can exert strong combinational therapy outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31285949PMC6610056W2990257238What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.