ArticleInternational journal of emergency mental health2019
Grapheme-Color Synesthesia is Associated with PTSD Among Deployed Veterans: Confirmation of Previous Findings and Need for Additional Research.
Article in International journal of emergency mental health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and environmental contributions to the link between synaesthesia and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric features: a twin study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Synesthesia is linked to large and extensive differences in brain structure and function as determined by whole-brain biomarkers derived from the HCP (Human Connectome Project) cortical parcellation approach.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- An Open Science MRI Database of over 100 Synaesthetic Brains and Accompanying Deep Phenotypic Information.Scientific data · 2023Article
- Impact and Risk of Moral Injury Among Deployed Veterans: Implications for Veterans and Mental Health.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- COVID-19-related distress is associated with analogue PTSD symptoms after exposure to an analogue stressor.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2022Article
- Language evolution: examining the link between cross-modality and aggression through the lens of disorders.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Predictors of Current DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis and Symptom Severity Among Deployed Veterans: Significance of Predisposition, Stress Exposure, and Genetics.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to alteration in neuropsychological functioning, including visual and other cognitive processes. Grapheme-color synesthesia is a phenomenon in which a letter or number elicits response of a concurrent image or color perception. Since we earlier reported an association between grapheme-color synesthesia and PTSD, our objective in the current study was to validate this association among a new study group and assess risk factors. For this, we surveyed 1,730 military veterans who have been outpatients in the Geisinger Clinic, a multi-hospital system in Pennsylvania, USA. All the study veterans served in a warzone deployment. The association between PTSD and Grapheme-color synesthesia was evaluated. The average age of veterans was 59.6 years among whom 95.1% were male. Current PTSD prevalence rate was observed to be 7.6% (95% C.I. = 6.5-9.0) and in 3.4% of veterans (95% C.I. = 2.7-4.4) grapheme-color synesthesia was found to be positive. Initial bivariate analyses suggested that synesthesia was associated with current PTSD [odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, p<0.001]. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression evaluating the age, sex, education, trauma exposure, current psychological stress, psychotropic medication use, combat exposure, history of concussion, and current depression, confirmed this association (OR = 2.33, p = 0.019). The present study corroborated that Grapheme-color synesthesia was linked to PTSD among a second cohort of deployed military veterans. Further research is recommended in order to validate this observation and to determine whether synesthesia is a risk factor for PTSD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31285710PMC6613655W2981697602What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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