Trial reportPloS one2019
Association between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural north India: The Solan Surveillance Study.
Trial report in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and trends of hypertension among South Asian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Educational Attainment and Overweight/Obesity in Eight South Asian Countries: A Systematic Review.Asia-Pacific journal of public health · 2026Pooled it
- Does health insurance coverage improve cardiometabolic risk factor levels? Quasi-experimental evidence from India.Global health action · 2025Article
- Association of socioeconomic status and life's essential 8 with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality in north China: Kailuan study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Exploring socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and cardiometabolic disease outcomes in the United States: insights from a population-based cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Cohort Profile: The Center for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS).International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases among Older Adults in India.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Smoking cessation interventions in South Asian Region: a systematic scoping review.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Cardiovascular Health in India - a Report Card from Three Urban and Rural Surveys of 22,144 Adults.Global heart · 2022Article
- Cardiovascular risk using WHO-ISH chart among Diabetes and Hypertensive patients in a remote rural area of South India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough most Indians live in rural settings, data on cardiovascular disease risk factors in these groups are limited. We describe the association between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a large rural population in north India.
methodsWe performed representative, community-based sampling from 2013 to 2014 of Solan district in Himachal Pradesh. We used education, occupation, household income, and household assets as indicators of socioeconomic position. We used tobacco use, alcohol use, low physical activity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. We performed hierarchical multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex and clustering of the health sub-centers, to evaluate the cross-sectional association of socioeconomic position indicators and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
resultsAmong 38,457 participants, mean (SD) age was 42.7 (15.9) years, and 57% were women. The odds of tobacco use was lowest in participants with graduate school and above education (adjusted OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.09, 0.13), household income >15,000 INR (adjusted OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.29, 0.43), and highest quartile of assets (adjusted OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.24, 0.34) compared with other groups but not occupation (skilled worker adjusted OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.74, 1.16). Alcohol use was lower among individuals in the higher quartile of income (adjusted OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64, 0.88) and assets (adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59, 0.82). The odds of obesity was highest in participants with graduate school and above education (adjusted OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.85, 2.94), household income > 15,000 Indian rupees (adjusted OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.63, 2.19), and highest quartile of household assets (adjusted OR 2.87, 95% CI 2.39, 3.45). The odds of prevalent hypertension and diabetes were also generally higher among individuals with higher socioeconomic position.
conclusionsIndividuals with lower socioeconomic position in Himachal Pradesh were more likely to have abnormal behavioral risk factors, and individuals with higher socioeconomic position were more likely to have abnormal clinical risk factors.
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