ReviewJournal of Parkinson's disease2019
Parkinson's Disease in Women and Men: What's the Difference?
Review in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 423 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
423 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Clinical efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Interrelationship between PQ exposure and Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Active group-based performing arts interventions in Parkinson's disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Challenges and Opportunities in Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in 6-Hydroxydopamine Models of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- How well is the female population represented in clinical trials with infusion therapies for Parkinson's disease? A systematic review and metanalysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Novel Insights Into the Causal Effects and Shared Genetics Between Body Fat and Parkinson Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- The role of genetically predicted serum iron levels on neurodegenerative and cardiovascular traits.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of body mass index on the efficacy of acupuncture treatment of postprandial distress syndrome: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2026Trial
- Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: from a simple insult to a dynamic regulator.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2026Review
- Study of blood linear RNA nominates CD55 and DLD as early-stage biomarkers for Parkinson's disease.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Sex, Gender, and the Search for Analytic Truth.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Association of Reproductive Factors and Postmenopausal Sex Hormones With Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women With Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Baseline peripheral inflammatory profiles predict phenoconversion in prodromal Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Deltex 2 Mediates Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in Freezing of Gait of Parkinson's Disease via the Notch2-Nrf2 Axis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Increased Binding of [Synapse (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Coffee and Parkinson's disease: associations by CYP1A2 genotype and sex in UK Biobank.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Altered Excitation-Inhibition Balance and mGluRInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Vascular Risk Factors and the Risk of Incident Parkinson's Disease Among Stroke Survivors: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Postnatal Exposure Sensitizes for Zinc/Paraquat-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis, Adulthood Exposure Leads to the Final Effects.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Sex-aware causal inference assessment of the immune system in complex neurodegenerative diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
363 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to biological sex as an important factor in the development and phenotypical expression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Risk of developing PD is twice as high in men than women, but women have a higher mortality rate and faster progression of the disease. Moreover, motor and nonmotor symptoms, response to treatments and disease risk factors differ between women and men. Altogether, sex-related differences in PD support the idea that disease development might involve distinct pathogenic mechanisms (or the same mechanism but in a different way) in male and female patients. This review summarizes the most recent knowledge concerning differences between women and men in PD clinical features, risk factors, response to treatments and mechanisms underlying the disease pathophysiology. Unraveling how the pathology differently affect the two sexes might allow the development of tailored interventions and the design of innovative programs that meet the distinct needs of men and women, improving patient care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.