ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2019
Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Neuroinflammation strokes the brain: A double-edged sword in ischemic stroke.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- "The emerging role of lymphocytes in post-stroke inflammation: A treatable target and review of current pharmacological evidence in humans".Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Targeting CX3CR1 Signaling Dynamics: A Critical Determinant in the Temporal Regulation of Post-Stroke Neurorepair.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Adaptive Immune Dyshomeostasis as a Mediator of Vascular Cognitive Decline: Unraveling Neurovascular Crosstalk.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Diagnostic biomarkers and immune infiltration profiles common to COVID-19, acute myocardial infarction and acute ischaemic stroke using bioinformatics methods and machine learning.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Immune-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption after ischemic stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Role of Neutrophils as Therapeutic Targets in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2024Review
- Hydrogel-Based Therapies for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Spontaneous spinal cord infarction: a systematic review.BMJ neurology open · 2024Article
- Biomarkers: Role and Scope in Neurological Disorders.Neurochemical research · 2023Review
- Role of glia and extracellular matrix in controlling neuroplasticity in the central nervous system.Seminars in immunopathology · 2023Review
- Hyperacute immune responses associate with immediate neuropathology and motor dysfunction in large vessel occlusions.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Article
- Advances in Antibody-Based Therapeutics for Cerebral Ischemia.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Recombinant pregnancy-specific glycoprotein-1-Fc reduces functional deficit in a mouse model of permanent brain ischaemia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- Flow cytometry and stroke: from current methodology to future applications.Neural regeneration research · 2022Article
- Intranasal Salvinorin A Improves Long-term Neurological Function via Immunomodulation in a Mouse Ischemic Stroke Model.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2022Article
- Phoenixin-20 ameliorates brain infarction by promoting microglia M2 polarization in an ischemic stroke model.Metabolic brain disease · 2022Article
- Stroke-derived neutrophils demonstrate higher formation potential and impaired resolution of CD66b + driven neutrophil extracellular traps.BMC neurology · 2022Article
- Role of DAMPs and of Leukocytes Infiltration in Ischemic Stroke: Insights from Animal Models and Translation to the Human Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.