ArticleScientific reports2019
Underestimated Risks of Infantile Infectious Disease from the Caregiver's Typical Handling Practices of Infant Formula.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breastfeeding, Breastmilk Feeding and Formula Feeding Within the Closed, Temporary Accommodation of Australia's COVID-19 Quarantine.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Incidence and determinants of antibiotic use by age two: a prospective cohort study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Infant Formula Affordability Negatively Impacts Parental Wellbeing, Financial Security and Safe Feeding Practices in the UK.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Meat-Borne Bacterial Pathogen Detection: Conventional, Molecular and Emerging AI-Based Strategies.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Navigating Without a Compass: A Qualitative Study on Parents' Infant Formula Handling.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- The safety of at home powdered infant formula preparation: A community science project.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Exploration of Infant Food Microbial Composition from Formal and Informal Settings Using Viable Counts and 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing in Johannesburg, South Africa.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Foodborne pathogens in Africa: UnderstandingPublic health challenges · 2023Review
- The risk of infectious pathogens in breast-feeding, donated human milk and breast milk substitutes.Public health nutrition · 2021Review
- Pregnancy, Birthing, and Postpartum Experiences During COVID-19 in the United States.Frontiers in sociology · 2021Article
- Natural Compounds With Antibacterial Activity AgainstFrontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The impact on infant caregiver as a reservoir of pathogens has not been exploited with perspective to powdered infant formula (PIF). Here we reveal novel route of pathogen transfer through hand-spoon-PIF unexpectedly occurred by even typical practices of caregivers, handling of PIF and storage of feeding-spoon in PIF container. Hand-spoon-PIF contamination route was simulated to analyze the transfer and subsequent survival of pathogens. Major pathogens associated with infantile fatal diseases (Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus) were readily transmitted to PIF from skin (3-6 log CFU/hand) via spoons following long-term survival of transferred pathogens (3 weeks; use-by date of PIF) as the excessive level of infectious dose, highlighting direct onset of diseases. Low bacterial load on skin (ca. 1 log CFU/hand) could prevent cross-contamination of PIF, however, at least 72 h survival of transferred pathogen on spoons demonstrated the probability on re-contamination of PIF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the cross-contamination of utensils in contact with powdered-foods. Bacterial load on hands is the key determinant of pathogen transfer and the extent of risk are species-dependent. These evidential results redefine risk of caregivers' practices and facilitate incorporation of cross-contamination into risk-assessment as underestimated route of infection.
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