ArticleNutrients2019
Longitudinal Analysis of Macronutrient Composition in Preterm and Term Human Milk: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Article
- Human milk macronutrient composition and intake in relation to preterm infant growth: a cohort study.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Adipokines and Growth Factors in Preterm and Term Breast Milk and Their Role in Infant Growth.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Preterm infant formulas with glucose polymers and reduced lactose content increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Laser-based mid-IR spectroscopy as a rapid analytical technique for the quantification of human milk proteins.Current research in food science · 2026Article
- Early parenteral lipid intake supports cerebellar neurometabolism at term-age in preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Observational
- Concentration and Intakes of Macronutrients from Human Milk Do Not Differ by Infant Sex in Australian and Danish Cohorts.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Estimating Caloric Intake per Breastfeeding Session in Infants: A Probabilistic Approach.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Preterm Milk: A Step Toward the Individualized Fortification of Mother's Own Milk?Nutrients · 2025Article
- Factors That May Affect Breast Milk Macronutrient and Energy Content: A Critical Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Investigation of Relationships between Intakes of Human Milk Total Lipids and Metabolic Hormones and Infant Sex and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Infant feeding-a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.Food & nutrition research · 2024Article
- Creation of a milk oligosaccharide database, MilkOligoDB, reveals common structural motifs and extensive diversity across mammals.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Influence of maternal and perinatal factors on macronutrient content of very preterm human milk during the first weeks after birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- A longitudinal study of fatty acid profiles, macronutrient levels, and plasmin activity in human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Infant exposure to Fluvoxamine through placenta and human milk: a case series - A contribution from the ConcePTION project.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMother's own milk is the optimal source of nutrients and provides numerous health advantages for mothers and infants. As they have supplementary nutritional needs, very preterm infants may require fortification of human milk (HM). Addressing HM composition and variations is essential to optimize HM fortification strategies for these vulnerable infants.
aimsTo analyze and compare macronutrient composition in HM of mothers lactating very preterm (PT) (28 0/7 to 32 6/7 weeks of gestational age, GA) and term (T) infants (37 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks of GA) over time, both at similar postnatal and postmenstrual ages, and to investigate other potential factors of variations.
methodsMilk samples from 27 mothers of the PT infants and 34 mothers of the T infants were collected longitudinally at 12 points in time during four months for the PT HM and eight points in time during two months for the T HM. Macronutrient composition (proteins, fat, and lactose) and energy were measured using a mid-infrared milk analyzer, corrected by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for total protein content.
resultsAnalysis of 500 HM samples revealed large inter- and intra-subject variations in both groups. Proteins decreased from birth to four months in the PT and the T HM without significant differences at any postnatal time point, while it was lower around term equivalent age in PT HM. Lactose content remained stable and comparable over time. The PT HM contained significantly more fat and tended to be more caloric in the first two weeks of lactation, while the T HM revealed higher fat and higher energy content later during lactation (three to eight weeks). In both groups, male gender was associated with more fat and energy content. The gender association was stronger in the PT group, and it remained significant after adjustments.
conclusionLongitudinal measurements of macronutrients compositions of the PT and the T HM showed only small differences at similar postnatal stages in our population. However, numerous differences exist at similar postmenstrual ages. Male gender seems to be associated with a higher content in fat, especially in the PT HM. This study provides original information on macronutrient composition and variations of HM, which is important to consider for the optimization of nutrition and growth of PT infants.
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