ArticleFrontiers in immunology2019
CTL-Derived Exosomes Enhance the Activation of CTLs Stimulated by Low-Affinity Peptides.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- T-Cell-Derived Exosomes From Multi Core Granules Exhibit Superior Caspase-3-Mediated Tumor-Suppressive Activity Compared to Those From Multivesicular Bodies.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Exosomes as key mediators in immune and cancer cell interactions: insights in melanoma progression and therapy.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Review
- Secretory exosomes from modified immune cells against cancer.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Harnessing extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk between T cells and cancer cells for therapeutic applications.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Review
- Exosome-based immunotherapy as an innovative therapeutic approach in melanoma.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Exosomes That Have Different Cellular Origins Followed by the Impact They Have on Prostate Tumor Development in the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Exosomes as drug delivery systems in glioma immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Review
- Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
- Modification of immune cell-derived exosomes for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: current advances and therapeutic applications.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Exosomes: a promising avenue for cancer diagnosis beyond treatment.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication between CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Review
- The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Their Potential for Future Clinical Application.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- T cell-derived exosomes in tumor immune modulation and immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Differential trafficking of ligands trogocytosed via CD28 versus CTLA4 promotes collective cellular control of co-stimulation.Nature communications · 2022Article
- The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer and immune regulation and translational potential in cancer therapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2022Review
- ExtracellularFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activation Signals Modulate Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Mechanical Force Generation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Teasing out function from morphology: Similarities between primary cilia and immune synapses.The Journal of cell biology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) bind to peptides presented by MHC I (pMHC) through T cell receptors of various affinities. Low-affinity CTLs are important for the control of intracellular pathogens and cancers; however, the mechanisms by which these lower affinity CTLs are activated and maintained are not well understood. We recently discovered that fully activated CTLs stimulated by strong-affinity peptides in the presence of IL-12 are able to secrete exosomes that, in turn, stimulate bystander CTLs without requiring the presence of antigen. We hypothesized that exosomes secreted by high-affinity CTLs could strengthen the activation of low-affinity CTLs. Naive OT-I CD8+ cells were stimulated with altered N4 peptides of different affinities in the presence or absence of Exo. The presence of Exo preferentially increased cell proliferation and enhanced the production of IFNγ in CTLs stimulated by low-affinity peptides. The expression of granzyme B (GZB) was augmented in all affinities, with higher GZB production in low-affinity stimulated CTLs than in high-affinity stimulated ones. Exosomes promoted the rapid activation of low-affinity CTLs, which remained responsive to exosomes for a prolonged duration. Unexpectedly, exosomes could be induced quickly (24 h) following CTL activation and at a higher quantity per cell than later (72 h). While exosome protein profiles vary significantly between early exosomes and their later-derived counterparts, both appear to have similar downstream functions. These results reveal a potential mechanism for fully activated CTLs in activating lower-affinity CTLs that may have important implications in boosting the function of low-affinity CTLs in immunotherapy for cancers and chronic viral infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.