ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2020
Long-term Paleolithic diet is associated with lower resistant starch intake, different gut microbiota composition and increased serum TMAO concentrations.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meat Consumption and Gut Microbiota: a Scoping Review of Literature and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of gut microbiota in diabetic kidney disease: Comparisons with diabetes mellitus, non-diabetic kidney disease, and healthy individuals.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Mediterranean Diet to Prevent the Development of Colon Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Gut Microbiota Studies.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- At the Intersection of Gut Microbiome and Stroke: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Changes in Choline Metabolites and Ceramides in Response to a DASH-Style Diet in Older Adults.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Cardiovascular Benefits of Empagliflozin Are Associated With Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites in Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Trial
- Assessing diet-microbiome associations with linear models: variability across human studies.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Mechanisms, Modulation, and Mitigation: Dietary-Gut Microbiome Strategies Against Antibiotic Resistance.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Anti-aging and Anti-inflammatory Dietary Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- Gut microbiome and functional adaptations to paleo and rational diets in professional athletes: a pilot study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Resistant Potato Starch Supplementation Increases the Serum Levels of Choline and Sphingomyelins Without Affecting Trimethylamine Oxide Levels.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Metabolomics Insights into the Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2025Review
- Exploration of the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome and traditional Chinese medicine intervention based on gut microbiota.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolism in Early Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Review
- Comparison of the gut microbiota of college students with the nine balanced and unbalanced traditional Chinese medicine constitutions and its potential application in fecal microbiota transplantation.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Paleolithic diet is promoted worldwide for improved gut health. However, there is little evidence available to support these claims, with existing literature examining anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes.
objectiveTo determine the association between dietary intake, markers of colonic health, microbiota, and serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite associated with cardiovascular disease.
designIn a cross-sectional design, long-term (n = 44, > 1 year) self-reported followers of a Paleolithic diet (PD) and controls (n = 47) consuming a diet typical of national recommendations were recruited. Diets were assessed via 3-day weighed diet records; 48-h stool for short chain fatty acids using GC/MS, microbial composition via 16S rRNA sequencing of the V4 region using Illumina MiSeq. TMAO was quantified using LC-MS/MS.
resultsParticipants were grouped according to PD adherence; namely excluding grains and dairy products. Strict Paleolithic (SP) (n = 22) and Pseudo-Paleolithic (PP) (n = 22) groups were formed. General linear modelling with age, gender, energy intake and body fat percentage as covariates assessed differences between groups. Intake of resistant starch was lower in both Paleolithic groups, compared to controls [2.62, 1.26 vs 4.48 g/day (P < 0.05)]; PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in microbiota composition (P < 0.05), with higher abundance of TMA-producer Hungatella in both Paleolithic groups (P < 0.001). TMAO was higher in SP compared to PP and control (P < 0.01), and inversely associated with whole grain intake (r = - 0.34, P < 0.01).
conclusionsAlthough the PD is promoted for improved gut health, results indicate long-term adherence is associated with different gut microbiota and increased TMAO. A variety of fiber components, including whole grain sources may be required to maintain gut and cardiovascular health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTRN12616001703493).
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