SynthesisItalian journal of pediatrics2019
Effects of single and combined water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on nutritional status of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Italian journal of pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of nutrition-sensitive interventions in improving nutritional outcomes: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions and the prevention and treatment of childhood acute malnutrition: A systematic review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Malnutrition Among Children Under Five in Djibouti: A Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure Analysis from the 2023 Multisectoral Survey.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Beyond Access to Sanitation Services: How Maternal Education Moderates Childhood Diarrhea Risk in Indonesia's Multilevel Context.Journal of research in health sciences · 2026Article
- Assessing the associations between public works participation, household water and sanitation conditions, and child nutrition in Southern Madagascar: a mediation analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Exploring Gaps in Maternal WASH Practices: A Cross-Sectional KAP Study in Rural Coastal Bangladesh.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- Effects of mothers' water, sanitation and hygiene habits on diarrhoea and malnutrition among children under 5 years in Nepal.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of stunting and anaemia in children aged 6-23 months: A multilevel analysis from rural Ethiopia.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Water, sanitation, and hygiene and their association with child undernutrition: a hierarchical analysis of the 2020 Somaliland demographic health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Strategies to promote uptake and sustainability of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) interventions in basic education institutions in conflict settings: a scoping review of the Horn of Africa.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- The impact of an integrated intervention program combining drug therapy with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) education on reinfection with intestinal parasitic infections among the Karen hill tribe in northern Thailand.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Child undernutrition and its association with household environmental conditions in Bangladesh.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene among women living in precarious households in a Turkish urban area.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation and Mother's Hygiene Practice as Stunting Risk Factors: A Case Control Study in a Rural Area of Ciawi Sub-district, Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2023Article
- Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in domestic settings: a global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Article
- Article
- Interventions addressing maternal and child health among the urban poor and homeless: an overview of systematic reviews.BMC public health · 2023Review
- Effectiveness of Integrated Maternal Nutrition Intervention Package on Birth Weight in Rwanda.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUnder nutrition is linked with poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) condition. However, there is conflicting evidence on the effect of WASH on nutritional status of children. This review was, therefore, conducted to estimate the pooled effect of WASH interventions on child under nutrition.
methodsAll published and unpublished cluster-randomized, non-randomized controlled trials, and before and after intervention studies conducted in developing countries were included. Relevant articles were searched from MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration's database, Web of Science, WHO Global Health Library, Google Scholar, Worldcat and ProQuest electronic databases. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using JBI critical appraisal checklist for randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. The treatment effect was expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
resultsThis meta-analysis of 10 studies including 16,473 children (7776 in the intervention and 8687 in the control group) indicated that WASH interventions significantly associated with increased pooled mean height-for-age-z-score (SMD = 0.14, 95% CI = (0.09, 0.19); I
conclusionWASH interventions were significantly associated with increased mean height-for-age-z score in under 5 years old children. The effect of WASH on linear growth is markedly different with age and types of interventions, either single or combined. Implementing combined WASH interventions has a paramount benefit to improve nutritional status of children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.