SynthesisBMJ open2019
Continuing education for the prevention of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's-type dementia: a systematic review and overview of systematic reviews.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Distinct sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022Pooled it
- A 20-week, randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of the Aging Well through Interaction and Scientific Education - Action Plan (AgeWISE-AP) program in older Veterans.BMC geriatrics · 2025Trial
- A Prediction Model for Cognitive Impairment Risk in Colorectal Cancer after Chemotherapy Treatment.BioMed research international · 2021Trial
- Childhood maltreatment and joint trajectories of social isolation and depression as predictors of cognitive impairment in late midlife: a prospective cohort study.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the Gut-Brain Connection: Are Probiotics the Next Frontier in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment?Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Mild cognitive impairment cases affect the predictive power of Alzheimer's disease diagnostic models using routine clinical variables.npj aging · 2026Article
- Feasibility of identifying factors related to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in real-world data.JAMIA open · 2026Review
- Haus der Barmherzigkeit: Birthplace of Geriatrics.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2026Article
- Cognitive decline before and after mid-to-late-life continuing education in England: a matched longitudinal analysis of a prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Global DNA Methylation and Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study from Haryana, North India.Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB · 2025Article
- Factors associated with cognitive performance among urban older adults of Dodoma City, central Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- The transcriptional and cellular landscape of cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Association between the Intake/Type of Cheese and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Women in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- National plans and awareness campaigns as priorities for achieving global brain health.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Review
- Knowledge, attitudes and self-confidence with skills required for providing dementia care in physicians at primary healthcare settings in Vietnam.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Comparing the Efficacy of Two Cognitive Screening Tools in Identifying Gray and White Matter Brain Damage among Older Adults.Journal of aging research · 2024Article
- A new nomogram model for the individualized prediction of mild cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Extracellular vesicles as carriers of mRNA: Opportunities and challenges in diagnosis and treatment.Theranostics · 2024Review
- Validation of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in Arabic.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Acrolein Induces Retinal Abnormalities of Alzheimer's Disease in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo summarise evidence on the preventive effects of continuing education on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's-type dementia in adults 45 years or older.
designSystematic review and overview of systematic reviews. DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus for published studies and grey literature databases for unpublished studies from January 1990 to April 2018.
methodsTo assess evidence directly addressing our objectives, we conducted a systematic review. Because we were aware of a dearth of direct evidence, we also performed an overview of systematic reviews on leisure activities that mimic formal continuing education. We a priori established the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two authors independently assessed inclusion and exclusion at the abstract and full-text level, rated the risk of bias, and determined the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. We resolved all discrepancies by consensus. We synthesised the available evidence narratively.
resultsOur searches identified 4933 citations. For the systematic review, only two publications on the same prospective cohort study (Tasmanian Healthy Brain Project) met the inclusion criteria; for the overview of reviews, we included five systematic reviews. Based on 459 participants, preliminary data of the ongoing cohort study indicated that cognitive reserve statistically significantly increased in persons attending university classes compared with the control group (92.5% vs 55.7%, p<0.01). Likewise, language processing capacities statistically significantly improved (p<0.01). Episodic memory, working memory and executive function did not differ significantly between groups. Systematic reviews consistently reported a positive association between participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities and reduced incidence of dementia and improved cognitive test performance.
conclusionAvailable results demonstrate that cognitive reserve increases through continuing education and show a positive association of cognitive leisure activities with both improved cognitive function and lower dementia incidence. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017063944.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.