ArticleBMC neurology2019
Biomarkers of immune capacity, infection and inflammation are associated with poor outcome and mortality after stroke - the PREDICT study.
Article in BMC neurology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01079728 (Prediction of Stroke-associated Pneumonia), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prediction of Stroke-associated Pneumonia
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Procalcitonin and biomarkers for stroke-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Elevated Serum Inflammatory Markers in Subacute Stroke Are Associated With Clinical Outcome but Not Modified by Aerobic Fitness Training: Results of the Randomized ControlledFrontiers in neurology · 2021Trial
- A roadmap towards clinical use of molecular biomarkers in acute ischaemic stroke.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Advances in stroke-associated pneumonia in the era of revascularization therapy.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Association between Serum Interleukin-6 Levels and Long-term Outcomes after Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2026Observational
- Gut Microbiota Improve the Prediction of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia Risk and Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- The crux of NPO paradox revealed by increased pneumonia incidence in post-stroke dysphagia patients with dietary restrictions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dynamic serum lactate dehydrogenase monitoring during the acute phase and association with in-hospital all-cause mortality risk in large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke patients.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Infection Associated with Global Cerebral Edema and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiota, Bacterial Translocation, and Stroke: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.Biomedicines · 2024Review
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- Article
- Risk factors for stroke-related functional disability and mortality at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia.BMC neurology · 2023Article
- Immediate outcome prognostic value of plasma factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke after intravenous thrombolytic treatment.BMC neurology · 2022Article
- Comparison of clinical scores for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH): potential tools for personalized care and clinical trials for ICH.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Stroke-induced changes to immune function and their relevance to increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease.Discovery immunology · 2022Review
- The relationship of α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase with 1-year outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: A retrospective study.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Biomarkers for prognostic functional recovery poststroke: A narrative review.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke?International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Prognostic indicators for the onset of ischaemic versus haemorrhagic stroke in stable coronary artery disease.Medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlmost 40% of stroke patients have a poor outcome at 3 months after the index event. Predictors for stroke outcome in the early acute phase may help to tailor stroke treatment. Infection and inflammation are considered to influence stroke outcome.
methodsIn a prospective multicenter study in Germany and Spain, including 486 patients with acute ischemic stroke, we used multivariable regression analysis to investigate the association of poor outcome with monocytic HLA-DR (mHLA-DR) expression, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) as markers for immunodepression, inflammation and infection. Outcome was assessed at 3 months after stroke via a structured telephone interview using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Poor outcome was defined as a mRS score of 3 or higher which included death. Furthermore, a time-to-event analysis for death within 3 months was performed.
resultsThree-month outcome data was available for 391 patients. Female sex, older age, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) and higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score as well as lower mHLA-DR levels, higher IL-6 and LBP-levels at day 1 were associated with poor outcome at 3 months in bivariate analysis. Furthermore, multivariable analysis revealed that lower mHLA-DR expression was associated with poor outcome. Female sex, older age, atrial fibrillation, SAP, higher NIHSS score, lower mHLA-DR expression and higher IL-6 levels were associated with shorter survival time in bivariate analysis. In multivariable analysis, SAP and higher IL-6 levels on day 1 were associated with shorter survival time.
conclusionsSAP, lower mHLA-DR-expression and higher IL-6 levels on day one are associated with poor outcome and shorter survival time at 3 months after stroke onset.
trial registrationwww.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01079728 , March 3, 2010.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.