ArticleJournal of animal science2019
Ruminal microbes of adult steers do not degrade extracellular L-citrulline and have a limited ability to metabolize extracellular L-glutamate1,2.
Article in Journal of animal science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Efficacy of Food-Grade Substances to Protect Dietary Glutamine From Ruminal Degradation.Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · 2026Article
- Effects of Duodenal Infusion of L-Citrulline on Plasma Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota Structure, and Reproductive Hormones in Ewes.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Maternal dietary citrulline supplementation increases fetal growth and programs pancreatic development in the lambs.Amino acids · 2026Article
- Maternal supplementation with rumen-protected arginine reshapes the ileal microbiome and enhances neonatal lamb growth.Animal microbiome · 2026Article
- Effects of L-citrulline supplementation in the basal diet on reproductive performance, serum metabolites, and microbial community structure in Simmental cows.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Dietary Supplementation with L-Citrulline Between Days 1 and 60 of Gestation Enhances Embryonic Survival in Lactating Beef Cows.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Associations between hyperketonemia and the rumen metagenome and metabolome in Holstein cows during the first 2 weeks postpartum.Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Dietary citrulline supplementation enhances milk production in lactating dairy goats.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Dietary L-glutamine supplementation enhances growth performance and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo heifers via hepatic and skeletal muscle gene regulation.Journal of animal science · 2025Article
- Metabolism and Nutrition of L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Ruminants.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Study on the correlation of supplementation withFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Changes Underlying the Effects ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Comparison of the effects of rumen-protected and unprotectedFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Use of monosodium-glutamate as a novel dietary supplement strategy for ovarian stimulation in goats.Animal reproduction · 2023Article
- Effects of L-glutamine supplementation on degradation rate and rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro.Animal bioscience · 2022Article
- L-Arginine Nutrition and Metabolism in Ruminants.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Article
- Amino Acid Nutrition and Reproductive Performance in Ruminants.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Amino Acids in the Nutrition and Production of Sheep and Goats.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Review
- Metabolic studies reveal that ruminal microbes of adult steers do not degrade rumen-protected or unprotected L-citrulline.Journal of animal science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The microbial population within the rumen has long been considered to have the capability of extensively degrading all dietary AA. Results from our feeding trials revealed that this dogma is not correct. In vitro studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that certain AA undergo little degradation by ruminal microbes. Whole ruminal fluid (3 mL, containing microorganisms) from cannulated adult steers (~500 kg, n = 6) was incubated at 37 °C with 5 mM l-glutamine, l-glutamate, l-arginine, or l-citrulline for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 h to determine time-dependent changes in the metabolism of these AA. Additional ruminal fluid was incubated with 0, 0.5, 2 or 5 mM l-glutamine, l-glutamate, l-arginine, or l-citrulline for 2 h to determine dose-dependent changes in their metabolism. An aliquot (50 µL) of the incubation solution was collected at the predetermined time points for AA analyses. There was extensive hydrolysis of l-glutamine into l-glutamate and ammonia, and l-arginine into l-ornithine, l-proline, and ammonia, but the near absence of catabolism of extracellular l-glutamate and no degradation of extracellular l-citrulline by ruminal microbes. There was little uptake of 14C-labeled l-glutamate and no detectable uptake of 14C-labeled l-citrulline by the cells. These results indicate, for the first time, that ruminal microbes of adult steers do not degrade extracellular l-citrulline and that metabolism of extracellular l-glutamate is negligible compared with their ability to extensively catabolize extracellular l-arginine and l-glutamine.
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