ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2019
Breastfeeding duration in infancy and adult risks of type 2 diabetes in a high-income country.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Associations Between Duration of Lactation and Maternal Risk of Obesity-Related Cancers-A Historical Birth Cohort Study.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Serum iron is associated with the prognosis in sepsis based on a large-scale database.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Phenotypic age acceleration and omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio in dynamic atrial fibrillation-heart failure transitions: a multistate analysis.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2026Article
- Positive and non-linear association of sagittal abdominal diameter-to-height ratio with stress urinary incontinence in US women: evidence from NHANES 2011-2016.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Insulin resistance, vitamin D status, and cardiovascular risk in a general population cohort.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Associations of C-reactive protein, triglyceride-glucose index, and the C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index with multistate trajectories in the cardiovascular-renal-diabetes cluster.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Elevated ApoB/ApoA ratio is associated with recurrent kidney stones in a Chinese adult population: a retrospective, propensity-matched analysis.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Estimated glucose disposal rate and the dynamic transitions of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and all-cause mortality in prediabetes: a multistate trajectory analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Weekend effect on in-hospital outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from a propensity-matched national analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Correlation between atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular disease risk across Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: a nationwide prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Association between heavy metal exposure and bacterial vaginosis: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- The association of body mass index and weight waist adjustment index with serum ferritin in a national study of US adults.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- The relationship between serum ferritin level and clinical outcomes in sepsis based on a large public database.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Evidence for human milk as a biological system and recommendations for study design-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 4.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Thirty Obesity Myths, Misunderstandings, and/or Oversimplifications: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022.Obesity pillars · 2022Article
- Article: "Too Old" and "Too Cold": Discomfort Towards Photographs of Breastfeeding Beyond Infancy and Public Breastfeeding in Nova Scotia, Canada.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2022Article
- Association between serum vitamin D levels andBMJ open · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observed associations between breastfeeding and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood may be confounded. We examined if the duration of breastfeeding in infancy was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood after adjustment for a range of prenatal and postnatal risk factors. We prospectively followed 6,044 individuals from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort born 1959-1961. Duration of any breastfeeding (≤0.5, >0.5-1, >1-2, >2-4, >4 months) was assessed at the infant's 1-year health examination. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes (at age ≥30 years, 237 persons) by breastfeeding duration without and with adjustment for parental social status and education, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), maternal diabetes and smoking during pregnancy, gestational weight gain, parity, preterm birth, birth weight, sex, and BMI at ages 7 and 41-43 years. In the unadjusted analysis, compared with infants breastfed for ≤0.5 month, those breastfed for >4 months had a 51% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (HR = 0.49; 95% CI [0.32, 0.75]). After the stepwise adjustment for putative early life confounders, this was attenuated to a nonsignificant 31% reduced risk (HR = 0.69; 95% CI [0.44, 1.07]). Adjustment for childhood and adulthood BMI minimally changed the results. We found that the inverse association between the duration of breastfeeding and risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood is considerably weakened and no longer significant after adjustment for prenatal and postnatal factors in the infant and mother.
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