ArticleMetabolic brain disease2019
Neuronal damage and neuroinflammation markers in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis.
Article in Metabolic brain disease, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroglial biomarkers in autoimmune encephalitis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiological insights.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid levels of chitinase 3-like 1 and interleukin-6 can predict response to platform therapies in relapsing multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Ear and Nose Abnormalities in Meningoencephalitis Associated With Relapsing Polychondritis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid changes, and prognosis in Chinese patients with autoimmune encephalitis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Article
- CSF Neopterin Levels Are Elevated in Various Neurological Diseases and Aging.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Lack of Efficacy of Simvastatin Adjunctive Therapy for Patients with Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
- Spatial and Ecological Factors Modulate the Incidence of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis-A Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Article
- Cytokines/chemokines and immune checkpoint molecules in anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Neural Surface Antibodies and Neurodegeneration: Clinical Commonalities and Pathophysiological Relationships.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The conundrum of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Current and novel approaches to diagnosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 level evolution is associated with autoimmune encephalitis remission.Clinical & translational immunology · 2023Article
- Advances in Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Role of Increased Syncytin-1 Expression in Pathogenesis of Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2022Article
- Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- An evaluation of the recognised systemic inflammatory biomarkers of chronic sub-optimal inflammation provides evidence for inflammageing (IFA) during multiple sclerosis (MS).Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2021Review
- Neurofilament Proteins as Biomarkers to Monitor Neurological Diseases and the Efficacy of Therapies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics: detection of neuroinflammation in human central nervous system disease.Clinical & translational immunology · 2021Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Changes in Older Non-Cardiac Surgical Patients with Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an important diagnostic consideration in patients with CNS inflammatory disorders; despite of a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms it should be diagnosed as soon as possible and the patient transferred to the neurologist. We studied a group of AE patients (n = 24) as compared to multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 61) and control (n = 19) groups. Detailed clinical pictures of patients are presented. We focused on relevant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests like protein levels, cytosis and oligoclonal bands, neuroinflammation indices (interleukin-6, soluble receptor of IL-6, neopterin, anti-ribosomal proteins antibodies) and markers of neurodegeneration (phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, pNfh). Elevated neopterin level was found in AE group as compared to the MS and control groups, while protein and pNfh were increased in both AE and MS groups. In the MS group, the cytosis and soluble receptor of IL-6 were higher as compared to the control group. Anti-ribosomal proteins antibodies were increased in a single patient with AE. High levels of protein were predictive of mortality in AE patients, while IL-6 and pNfh were elevated in severe AE patients. AE patients with paraneoplastic etiology demonstrated oligoclonal bands positivity. Taken together, our results suggest the neopterin as an additional marker of autoimmune brain inflammation. Though higher levels of protein, IL-6 and pNfh were found in patients with severe disease progression and death, prognostic values of these markers should be validated in larger cohorts of patients.
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