ArticlePLoS pathogens2019
PB2 mutations arising during H9N2 influenza evolution in the Middle East confer enhanced replication and growth in mammals.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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35 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and biological characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from swine in China.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Pasteurized Milk Serves as a Passive Surveillance Tool for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Dairy Cattle.Viruses · 2025Article
- An emerging PB2-627 polymorphism increases the zoonotic risk of avian influenza virus by overcoming ANP32 host restriction in mammalian and avian hosts.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- E627V mutation in PB2 protein promotes the mammalian adaptation of novel H10N3 avian influenza virus.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry across China and implications for zoonotic transmission.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Complex Reassortment Dynamics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Xinjiang, China: Implications for Zoonotic Spillover.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Influenza Virus Genomic Mutations, Host Barrier and Cross-species Transmission.Current genomics · 2025Review
- Mammalian adaptation risk in HPAI H5N8: a comprehensive model bridging experimental data with mathematical insights.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Article
- Genetic Diversity and Biological Characteristics of H3 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from China in 2021-2022 Showed the Emerging H3N8 Posed a Threat to Human Health.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
- Origin, spread, and interspecies transmission of a dominant genotype of BJ/94 lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses with increased threat.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- Characterization of neurotropic HPAI H5N1 viruses with novel genome constellations and mammalian adaptive mutations in free-living mesocarnivores in Canada.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza.Virulence · 2023Review
- Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Exploring the alternative virulence determinants PB2 S155N and PA S49Y/D347G that promote mammalian adaptation of the H9N2 avian influenza virus in mice.Veterinary research · 2023Article
- Development of an Enhanced High-Yield Influenza Vaccine Backbone in Embryonated Chicken Eggs.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Engineering an Optimal Y280-Lineage H9N2 Vaccine Strain by Tuning PB2 Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in mammals by hemagglutinin mutations combined with PB2-627K.Virologica Sinica · 2023Article
- Stimulation of interferon-β responses by aberrant SARS-CoV-2 small viral RNAs acting as retinoic acid-inducible gene-I agonists.iScience · 2023Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Avian influenza virus H9N2 has been endemic in birds in the Middle East, in particular in Egypt with multiple cases of human infections since 1998. Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2, little is known about the biological properties of H9N2 in this epicentre of infection. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of H9N2 in the Middle East and identified phylogeny-associated PB2 mutations that acted cooperatively to increase H9N2 replication/transcription in human cells. The accumulation of PB2 mutations also correlated with an increase in H9N2 virus growth in the upper and lower airways of mice and in virulence. These mutations clustered on a solvent-exposed region in the PB2-627 domain in proximity to potential interfaces with host factors. These PB2 mutations have been found at high prevalence during evolution of H9N2 in the field, indicating that they have provided a selective advantage for viral adaptation to infect poultry. Therefore, continuous prevalence of H9N2 virus in the Middle East has generated a far more fit or optimized replication phenotype, leading to an expanded viral host range, including to mammals, which may pose public health risks beyond the current outbreaks.
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