ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2019
The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis and Virus Infections: A Delicate Balance.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severe COVID-19: what have we learned with the immunopathogenesis?Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2020Pooled it
- Lactate metabolism regulation enhances cuproptosis to activate antitumor immunity: Synergistic therapy of hyaluronic acid nanomicelles delivering lactate oxidase/copper-doped carbon dots combined with α-PD-L1 inhibits distant tumors.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Longitudinal single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveals intratumor heterogeneity, therapeutic response, and comparative value of canine marginal zone lymphoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- PD-L1 expression in tissues of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis.Virology · 2026Article
- PD-L1 Expression in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Impacts on Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Therapeutic Potential, and Biomarker Utility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Oncoviruses in Solid Tumors.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Effects of oncolytic immunotherapy with RP1 (vusolimogene oderparepvec) on immune cells mediate responsiveness to anti-PD-1 via STING-mediated interferon signaling.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- TLR7-mediated inflammation drives PD-L1 upregulation and T cell exhaustion during influenza A virus infection.iScience · 2026Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy in chronic viral infections: a review.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Genital herpes shedding episodes associate with altered spatial organization and activation of mucosal immune cells.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Imbalanced immune cell network and suboptimal cell activation: signatures associated with disease severity in vaccine-naïve COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- EBV Early Lytic Antigens, EBNA2 and PDL-1, in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Brain: A Coordinated Contribution to Viral Immune Evasion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Balancing Host Defense and Viral Tolerance for the Development of Next-Generation Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Activation of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint by Zika virus.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Anti-PD-1 therapy achieves favorable outcome in gastric cancer combined with chronic hepatitis B.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Increased IFN responses drive myeloid cell activation in people living with HIV-1.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- [Effects of PEG-IFN-α treatment on the expression of CDZhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and Epstein-Barr virus.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Genetic adjuvants: A paradigm shift in vaccine development and immune modulation.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligands play a fundamental role in the evasion of tumor cells from antitumor immunity. Less well appreciated is the fact that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis also regulates antiviral immune responses and is therefore modulated by a number of viruses. Upregulation of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is observed during acute virus infection and after infection with persistent viruses including important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Experimental evidence suggests that insufficient signaling through the PD-1 pathway promotes immunopathology during acute infection by exaggerating primary T cell responses. If chronic infection is established, however, high levels of PD-1 expression can have unfavorable immunological consequences. Exhaustion and suppression of antiviral immune responses can result in viral immune evasion. The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during viral infections is further complicated by evidence that PD-L1 also mediates inflammatory effects in the acute phase of an immune response. In this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between viruses and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.