ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2019
Cloacal Malformations: Technical Aspects of the Reconstruction and Factors Which Predict Surgical Complexity.
Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Correlation Analysis of Serum Pepsinogen, Interleukin, and TNF-Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Trial
- Tubo-ovarian abscess in an adolescent with uterine didelphys and prior cloacal repair: case report and literature review.Facts, views & vision in ObGyn · 2026Article
- Imaging in Cloacal Malformations: A Comprehensive Update with Insights into Management and Surgical Considerations.The Indian journal of radiology & imaging · 2026Review
- Tailoring surgical approaches in different cloacal cases.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Article
- Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of cloacal malformation associated with uterus didelphys and bilateral hydrometrocolpos: a case report.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Antenatal diagnosis of hydrometrocolpos with Mullerian duplication on ultrasound and fetal MRI: case report and literature review.BJR case reports · 2023Article
- Case report: Magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional printing for reconstruction of complex cloacal malformations.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Laparoscopic Resurrection of an Old Technique: A New Approach for Total Urogenital Separation and Rectal Pull-Through in Patients with Long Common Channel Cloacal Malformation.Journal of endourology · 2022Article
- Effect of Vaginoscopy versus Conventional Hysteroscopy on Pain, Complications, and Patient Satisfaction in Patients with Endometrial Polyps.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Long-term urologic and gynecologic follow-up and the importance of collaboration for patients with anorectal malformations.Seminars in pediatric surgery · 2020Review
- Cloacal Malformation in Female Children: Outcome of Initial Management.Pakistan journal of medical sciencesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cloacal malformations are rare anomalies which occur in one in 50,000 live births. Anatomically these anomalies are defined by the presence of a single perineal orifice. There is however a substantial range in their complexity. Defining these differences is key to surgical planning and timely referral of selected cases to centers with the capabilities to manage the most challenging cases. Traditionally the common channel length as measured during cysto-vaginoscopy has been used to differentiate between patients that can be repaired with a reproducible operation and those requiring a more complex repair. The quality and range of imaging available has advanced and thus a more detailed anatomic picture is now possible to help with pre-operative planning. Cross sectional imaging with 3D reconstruction has enhanced the understanding of the anatomic variations in these patients. In addition, the sacral ratio, previously thought to only have an influence on long term continence predictions, has been shown to not only forecast the presence of urological anomalies, but also the complexity of the malformation. In principle, cloacal malformations have two major components to the reconstruction. First, the rectum needs to be separated from the urogenital tract and second, the urogenital sinus needs to be managed to create a urethral orifice and vaginal introitus. The length of the urethra has been shown to be vital in deciding between the two main surgical maneuvers; a total urogenital mobilization (TUM) and a urogenital separation. The technical demands of a urogenital separation are significant and discussed here in detail. The need for vaginal replacement adds further complexity to the care of these patients and has also been shown to be related to the length of the urethra. Predicting complexity in an accurate and non-invasive way will facilitate the care of the most complex cloacal malformations and improve outcomes.
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