Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31258105›Full record

SynthesisPsychological medicine2019

Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels.

Emanuele Felice Osimo, Luke James Baxter, Glyn Lewis, Peter B Jones, Golam M Khandaker

4 registry-linked trialsAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Psychological medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 411 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
411citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05415397 phase3active not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Precision Psychiatry: Anti-inflammatory Medication in Immuno-metabolic Depression

TypeinterventionalSponsorAmsterdam UMC, location VUmcRan2022 to 2026Enrolled140ConditionsDepressive Disorder, Major, InflammationArmsCelecoxib 400mg, Placebo
NCT05644301 phase3recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

INflammation-based Stratification for Immune-Targeted Augmentation in Major Depressive

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversiteit AntwerpenRan2023 to 2026Enrolled240ConditionsMajor Depressive Disorder, InflammationArmsCelecoxib, Minocyclin, Placebo
NCT05745194 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Nutritional Counselling Promoting Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet as Adjuvant in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Open Controlled Trial Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorAssociacao para Investigacao e Desenvolvimento da Faculdade de Medicina - CETERARan2023 to 2025Enrolled190ConditionsMajor Depressive Disorder - MDDArmsPromotion of adherence to the MedDiet
NCT07684911 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Longitudinal Study on the Sustainability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocols - Biomarkers

TypeobservationalSponsorHospital Center Guillaume RégnierRan2026 to 2029Enrolled30ConditionsDepression - Major Depressive Disorder, Depression Bipolar, Depression UnipolarArmsRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

411 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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351 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Emanuele Felice OsimoDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6239-5691
Luke James BaxterSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Glyn LewisDivision of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
Peter B JonesDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Golam M KhandakerDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Funding

Department of Health RP-PG-0616-20003Medical Research Council MC_PC_17213Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 088869/Z/09/ZWellcome Trust 095844/Z/11/ZWellcome Trust 201486/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPeripheral low-grade inflammation in depression is increasingly seen as a therapeutic target. We aimed to establish the prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression, using different C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

methodsWe searched the PubMed database from its inception to July 2018, and selected studies that assessed depression using a validated tool/scale, and allowed the calculation of the proportion of patients with low-grade inflammation (CRP >3 mg/L) or elevated CRP (>1 mg/L).

resultsAfter quality assessment, 37 studies comprising 13 541 depressed patients and 155 728 controls were included. Based on the meta-analysis of 30 studies, the prevalence of low-grade inflammation (CRP >3 mg/L) in depression was 27% (95% CI 21-34%); this prevalence was not associated with sample source (inpatient, outpatient or population-based), antidepressant treatment, participant age, BMI or ethnicity. Based on the meta-analysis of 17 studies of depression and matched healthy controls, the odds ratio for low-grade inflammation in depression was 1.46 (95% CI 1.22-1.75). The prevalence of elevated CRP (>1 mg/L) in depression was 58% (95% CI 47-69%), and the meta-analytic odds ratio for elevated CRP in depression compared with controls was 1.47 (95% CI 1.18-1.82).

conclusionsAbout a quarter of patients with depression show evidence of low-grade inflammation, and over half of patients show mildly elevated CRP levels. There are significant differences in the prevalence of low-grade inflammation between patients and matched healthy controls. These findings suggest that inflammation could be relevant to a large number of patients with depression.

Indexed as

Antidepressive AgentsC-Reactive ProteinDepressive DisorderHumansInflammationOdds RatioPrevalenceAntidepressive AgentsC-Reactive ProteinC-reactive proteinCRPdepressionimmunopsychiatryinflammationlow-grade inflammationmeta-analysismoodprevalencereview

Identifiers

PMID31258105
PMCPMC6712955

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.