ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Natural Clostridioides difficile Toxin Immunization in Colonized Infants.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence and molecular epidemiology ofEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Observational
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- Global, regional, and national burdens ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- A Mouse Model of MildMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Understanding the influence of the microbiome on childhood infections.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2024Review
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- Clostridioides difficile Infection in Children: Recent Updates on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapy.Pediatrics · 2023Review
- Clostridioides difficile infection in infants: a case report and literature review.Gut pathogens · 2023Article
- Intestinal bile acids provide a surmountable barrier againstProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Stool Interleukin-1β Differentiates Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) From Asymptomatic Carriage and Non-CDI Diarrhea.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiota Composition Associated withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Translational Aspects of the Immunology of Clostridioides difficile Infection: Implications for Pediatric Populations.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Review
- Clostridioides difficile and the Microbiota Early in Life.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Review
- Humoral Immune Response toOpen forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Fidaxomicin for the treatment ofFuture microbiology · 2020Article
- From Nursery to Nursing Home: Emerging Concepts in Clostridioides difficile Pathogenesis.Infection and immunity · 2020Review
- Transmission ofInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2020Article
- Porcine Colostrum Protects the IPEC-J2 Cells and Piglet Colon Epithelium againstMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Pathobionts: mechanisms of survival, expansion, and interaction with host with a focus onGut microbesArticle
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClostridioides (Clostridium) difficile colonization is common among infants. Serological sequelae of infant C. difficile colonization are poorly understood.
methodsIn this prospective cohort study of healthy infants, stools serially collected between ages 1-2 and 9-12 months were tested for non-toxigenic and toxigenic C. difficile (TCD). Cultured isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. Serum collected at 9-12 months underwent measurement of IgA, IgG, and IgM against TCD toxins A and B and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against toxin B. For comparison, antitoxin IgG and NAb were measured in cord blood from 50 mothers unrelated to study infants.
resultsAmong 32 infants, 16 (50%) were colonized with TCD; 12 were first colonized >1 month before serology measurements. A variety of sequence types were identified, and there was evidence of putative in-home (enrolled siblings) and outpatient clinic transmission. Infants first colonized with TCD >1 month prior had significantly greater serum antitoxin IgA and IgG against toxins A (P = .02 for both) and B (P = .009 and .008, respectively) compared with non-TCD-colonized infants, and greater IgG compared with unrelated cord blood (P = .005). Five of 12 (42%) colonized infants had detectable NAb titers compared with zero non-TCD-colonized infants (P = .02). Breastfeeding was not associated with differences in serological measurements.
conclusionsTCD colonization is associated with a humoral immune response against toxins A and B, with evidence of toxin B neutralization in vitro. The extent and duration of protection against CDI later in life afforded by natural C. difficile immunization events require further investigation.
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