Observational studyNutrients2019
Growth, Feeding Tolerance and Metabolism in Extreme Preterm Infants under an Exclusive Human Milk Diet.
Observational study in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exclusive human milk diet and mortality before discharge in premature and very low birthweight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Difference in the Intestinal Microbiota between Breastfeed Infants and Infants Fed with Artificial Milk: A Systematic Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Investigating the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum in the prevention of late-onset sepsis in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Freeze-Dried Mother's Own Milk for Novel Fortification in a Late Preterm Infant with Complicated Intestinal Atresia and Congenital Shortened Bowel: A Case Report.AJP reports · 2026Article
- Exclusive human milk diet is associated with lower risk of motor function impairment at three years of corrected age.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Comparison between the for-profit human milk industry and nonprofit human milk banking: Time for regulation?Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Fortification With Bovine Colostrum Enhances Antibacterial Activity of Human Milk.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2021Article
- [Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants (2020)].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2020Article
- Early fortification of enteral feedings for infants <1250 grams birth weight receiving a human milk diet including human milk based fortifier.Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFor preterm infants, human milk (HM) has to be fortified to cover their enhanced nutritional requirements and establish adequate growth. Most HM fortifiers are based on bovine protein sources (BMF). An HM fortifier based on human protein sources (HMF) has become available in the last few years. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of an HMF versus BMF on growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g) infants.
methodsThis was a retrospective, controlled, multicenter cohort study in infants with a birthweight below 1000 g. The HMF group received an exclusive HM diet up to 32+0 weeks of gestation and was changed to BMF afterwards. The BMF group received HM+BMF from fortifier introduction up to 37+0 weeks.
results192 extremely low birth weight (ELBW)-infants were included (HMF
conclusionResults from this study do not support the superiority of HFM over BMF in ELBW infants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.