ArticleRMD open2019
Serious infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis compared with non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a US national cohort study.
Article in RMD open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 150 citations in OpenAlex.
- First-line biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs versus methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of remission outcomes.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Safety of biological therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in administrative health databases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and network meta-analysis of the safety of early interventional treatments in rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2021Pooled it
- [Recommendations of the German Society for Rheumatology for management of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in the context of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic - Update July 2020].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2020Guideline
- Efficacy of baricitinib in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis up to 6.5 years of treatment: results of a long-term study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Trial
- Risk of urinary tract infection with SGLT2 inhibitor initiation in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and type 2 diabetes: A target trial emulation using a Japanese hospital-based claims database.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Real-world evidence on hospitalization, infection, and vascular outcomes among interstitial lung disease subtypes.Respiratory medicine and research · 2026Article
- Uptake of Shingles, Influenza, COVID-19 and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Arthritis: A Three-Centre Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Hip joint infection by Prevotella denticola in rheumatoid arthritis : A case diagnosed with metagenomic sequencing.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Article
- Pathogenic Drivers of Difficult-to-Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis: Synovium and Beyond.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Impact of non-serious infections on medication interruptions, quality of life, and disease flares in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Effectiveness and Safety of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Rheumatic Diseases: Real-World Evidence from a Single-Centre Italian Cohort.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Risk of infection in patients with early inflammatory arthritis: results from a large UK prospective observational cohort study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Observational
- Risk of pneumonia in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Article
- Burden of Emergency Department Visits and Their Outcomes Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights From the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- Rheumatoid arthritis unmasked: the power of B cell depletion therapy.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Severe Respiratory Infections in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: An Observational Study of 528 Patients from a Single University Hospital.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Lymphadenopathy and synovial hyperplasia are associated with sepsis risk in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Research progress on complications of rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Objectives: To identify serious infection (SI) risk by aetiology and site in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with those with non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (NIRMD). Methods: Patients participating in FORWARD from 2001 to 2016 were assessed for SIs; defined by infections requiring hospitalisation, intravenous antibiotics or followed by death. SIs were categorised by aetiology and site. SI risk was assessed through Cox proportional hazards models. Best models were selected using machine learning Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) methodology. Results: Among 20 361 patients with RA and 6176 patients with NIRMD, 1600 and 276 first SIs were identified, respectively. Incidence of SIs was higher in RA compared with NIRMD (IRR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5). The risk persisted after adjusting using the LASSO model (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.5 to 1.8), but attenuated when additionally adjusted for glucocorticoid use (HR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5). SI risk was significantly higher in RA versus NIRMD for bacterial infections as well as for respiratory, skin, bone, joint, bloodstream infections and sepsis irrespective of glucocorticoid use. Compared with NIRMD, SI risk was significantly increased in patients with RA who were in moderate and high disease activity but was similar to those in low disease activity/remission (p trend < 0.001). Conclusions: The risk of all SIs, particularly bacterial, respiratory, bloodstream, sepsis, skin, bone and joint infections are significantly increased in patients with RA compared with patients with NIRMD. This infection risk appears to be greatest in those with higher RA disease activity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.