ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
The Humoral Immune Response to BCG Vaccination.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and application of the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Early mucosal responses following a randomised controlled human inhaled infection with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Induction of Functional Specific Antibodies, IgG-Secreting Plasmablasts and Memory B Cells Following BCG Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- ESAT-6-derived lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine elicits distinct humoral immune responses concomitant with a reduction inEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial peptides for tuberculosis in a post-antibiotic era: from in vitro promise to therapeutic potential.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Review
- Active tuberculosis disease in pregnancy alters frequencies of B-cell subsets among exposed neonates in Uganda.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Trained immunity in cancer and autoimmunity: a double-edged sword in immune memory reprogramming.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Hydrogels in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Types, Mechanisms, and Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Recombinant BCG Expressing IL-12 as A Novel Immunomodulatory Strategy for Allergic Asthma: Opportunities and Challenges.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- BAFF and APRIL immunotherapy following Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination enhances protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Current Progress in the Development of mRNA Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- A high titer antibody response against P22 protein immunocomplex is not correlated with protection in naturally tuberculosis-infected goats.The veterinary quarterly · 2024Article
- MTBVAC induces superior antibody titers and IgG avidity compared to BCG vaccination in non-human primates.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- B Cell and Antibody Responses in Bovine Tuberculosis.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Enhanced Antimicrobial Peptide Response Following Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination in Elderly Individuals.Vaccines · 2024Article
- The mark of success: The role of vaccine-induced skin scar formation for BCG and smallpox vaccine-associated clinical benefits.Seminars in immunopathology · 2024Review
- Insights into mycobacteriome composition in Mycobacterium bovis-infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) tissue samples.Scientific reports · 2024Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only currently available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but it confers incomplete and variable protection against pulmonary TB in humans and bovine TB (bTB) in cattle. Insights into the immune response induced by BCG offer an underexploited opportunity to gain knowledge that may inform the design of a more efficacious vaccine, which is urgently needed to control these major global epidemics. Humoral immunity in TB and bTB has been neglected, but recent studies supporting a role for antibodies in protection against TB has driven a growing interest in determining their relevance to vaccine development. In this manuscript we review what is known about the humoral immune response to BCG vaccination and re-vaccination across species, including evidence for the induction of specific B cells and antibodies; and how these may relate to protection from TB or bTB. We discuss potential explanations for often conflicting findings and consider how factors such as BCG strain, manufacturing methodology and route of administration influence the humoral response. As novel vaccination strategies include BCG prime-boost regimens, the literature regarding off-target immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on non-specific humoral immunity is also reviewed. Overall, reported outcomes to date are inconsistent, but indicate that humoral responses are heterogeneous and may play different roles in different species, populations, or individual hosts. Further study is warranted to determine whether a new TB vaccine could benefit from the targeting of humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.