ReviewProgress in retinal and eye research2019
Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications.
Review in Progress in retinal and eye research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- The proteasome as a druggable target with multiple therapeutic potentialities: Cutting and non-cutting edges.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2020Pooled it
- The effect of citicoline oral solution on quality of life in patients with glaucoma: the results of an international, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Trial
- Topical citicoline and vitamin B12 versus placebo in the treatment of diabetes-related corneal nerve damage: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2020Trial
- Can Treatment With Citicoline Eyedrops Reduce Progression in Glaucoma? The Results of a Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.Journal of glaucoma · 2020Trial
- Citicoline and Vitamin BAdvances in therapy · 2020Trial
- Effects of Treatment with Citicoline Plus Nicotinamide Oral Solution on Retinal Ganglion Cells and Visual Pathways in Glaucomatous Impairment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- From Regeneration Failure to Functional Restoration: Unlocking the Neuronal-Intrinsic Regenerative Capacity as a Therapeutic Frontier for Optic Neuropathy and Glaucoma.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Suspected cumulative neuro-ophthalmic toxicity after chronic oral exposure to the veterinary anesthetic tiletamine: a case report.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Citicoline Triggers Proteome Remodeling and Proteostatic Adaptation: Evidence from Shotgun Proteomics.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Citicoline Oral Solution Induces Functional Enhancement and Synaptic Plasticity in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Brain and retina in Alzheimer's disease: Pathological intersections and estimates from imaging.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Integrating neuroprotection, antioxidative effects, and precision medicine in glaucoma management with bioactive compounds.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025Review
- Impact of Oral Citicoline, Antioxidant Vitamins, and Blackcurrant Supplementation on Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: An OCT and OCTA Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Dysregulated lipid metabolism in a retinal pigment epithelial cell model and serum of patients with age-related macular degeneration.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lights and Shadows.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Neuroprotective Effect of the Combination of Citicoline and CoQ10 in a Mouse Model of Ocular Hypertension.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Advances in Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Pharmacological Strategies and Emerging Technologies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Contributions of Brain Microstructures and Metabolism to Visual Field Loss Patterns in Glaucoma Using Archetypal and Information Gain Analyses.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Regulated Necrosis in Glaucoma: Focus on Ferroptosis and Pyroptosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Regulatory Effects and Mechanisms of L-Theanine on Neurotransmitters via Liver-Brain Axis Under a High Protein Diet.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The cholinergic system has a crucial role to play in visual function. Although cholinergic drugs have been a focus of attention as glaucoma medications for reducing eye pressure, little is known about the potential modality for neuronal survival and/or enhancement in visual impairments. Citicoline, a naturally occurring compound and FDA approved dietary supplement, is a nootropic agent that is recently demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, memory disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in both humans and animal models. The mechanisms of its action appear to be multifarious including (i) preservation of cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and arachidonic acid contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, (ii) restoration of phosphatidylcholine, (iii) stimulation of glutathione synthesis, (iv) lowering glutamate concentrations and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity, (v) rescuing mitochondrial function thereby preventing oxidative damage and onset of neuronal apoptosis, (vi) synthesis of myelin leading to improvement in neuronal membrane integrity, (vii) improving acetylcholine synthesis and thereby reducing the effects of mental stress and (viii) preventing endothelial dysfunction. Such effects have vouched for citicoline as a neuroprotective, neurorestorative and neuroregenerative agent. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons with long myelinated axons which provide a strong rationale for citicoline use in visual pathway disorders. Since glaucoma is a form of neurodegeneration involving retinal ganglion cells, citicoline may help ameliorate glaucomatous damages in multiple facets. Additionally, trans-synaptic degeneration has been identified in humans and experimental models of glaucoma suggesting the cholinergic system as a new brain target for glaucoma management and therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.