ReviewNature reviews. Nephrology2019
The role of sodium in modulating immune cell function.
Review in Nature reviews. Nephrology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04894344 (Education to Decrease in Sodium Intake in University Students Evaluated With 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion), which is not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Education to Decrease in Sodium Intake in University Students Evaluated With 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion: Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in HumansNutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of altered salt intake and diet on cytokines in humans: A 20-week randomized cross-over intervention study.European journal of immunology · 2023Trial
- Joint Expert Consensus on the Sodium Reduction Policy in Taiwan: A Collaborative Declaration by the Taiwan Hypertension Society (THS), Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC), International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), and Nutrition Society of Taiwan (NST).Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Neosaxitoxin Downregulates Inflammation in an Equine In Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Distinct Tear Element Signatures in Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Identified by Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Article
- Preliminary evidence of extrarenal sodium storage in a large mammal: implications for comparative physiology and hypertension research : Running: Sodium storage in cattle.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Do Diet, Oral Hygiene, and Sleep Habits Correlate with Severe COVID-19?International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Independent and combined predictive value of nutritional, electrolyte, inflammatory, and insulin resistance indices for post-stroke infection in acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Metal-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Overcoming Cancer Drug Resistance: Mechanisms, Drug Delivery Strategies, and Clinical Perspectives.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Interplay Between the Mineralocorticoid System, Inflammation, Hypertension, and Kidney Disease.Kidney360 · 2025Review
- Tumor necrosis factor-α in the mediation of acute salt loading induced natriuresis in mice; evidence for its physiological role in regulating kidney function.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2025Article
- In vivo assessment of pediatric kidney function using multi-parametric and multi-nuclear functional magnetic resonance imaging: challenges, perspectives, and clinical applications.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Silent Effects of High Salt: Risks Beyond Hypertension and Body's Adaptation to High Salt.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Association between urinary sodium excretion and all-cause mortality: a cohort study in a Chinese community-based population.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Selected Non-Nutritive Bioactive Compounds and Their Role in Optimal Nutrition.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Dietary sodium intake and all-cause mortality in kidney stone patients: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association of multiple dietary metal intake with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2003-2018.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Dietary sodium intake and all-cause mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: an NHANES analysis (2003-2018).Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sodium intake is undoubtedly indispensable for normal body functions but can be detrimental when taken in excess of dietary requirements. The consequences of excessive salt intake are becoming increasingly clear as high salt consumption persists across the globe. Salt has long been suspected to promote the development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases and is now also recognized as a potential modulator of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases through its direct and indirect effects on immune cells. The finding that, in addition to the kidneys, other organs such as the skin regulate sodium levels in the body prompted new hypotheses, including the concept that skin-resident macrophages might participate in tissue sodium regulation through their interactions with lymphatic vessels. Moreover, immune cells such as macrophages and different T cell subsets are found in sodium-rich interstitial microenvironments, where sodium levels modulate their function. Alterations to the intestinal bacterial community induced by excess dietary salt represent another relevant axis whereby salt indirectly modulates immune cell function. Depending on the inflammatory context, sodium might either contribute to protective immunity (for example, by enhancing host responses against cutaneous pathogens) or it might contribute to immune dysregulation and promote the development of cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.