ArticleBirth defects research2019
Mouse whole embryo culture: Evaluating the requirement for rat serum as culture medium.
Article in Birth defects research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- A Simple Mammalian Whole Embryo Culture System to Study High-Temperature Effects on Development.Acta histochemica et cytochemica · 2026Article
- Fetal Bovine Serum Is Essential for Maintaining Viability of Porcine Blastocysts During Extended In Vitro Culture: A Comparative Study With Defined Supplements.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2026Article
- CombinedActa biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
- Artificial Uterus and Artificial Embryos: Unsolved Tasks.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Review
- Effect of maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus on congenital heart diseases.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Review
- Morphological phenotyping after mouse whole embryo culture.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Cannabidiol impairs neural tube closure in mouse whole embryo culture.Birth defects research · 2022Article
- Refinement of inducible gene deletion in embryos of pregnant mice.Birth defects research · 2020Article
- Mouse whole embryo culture: Evaluating the requirement for rat serum as culture medium.Birth defects research · 2019Article
- Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhole embryo culture is a valuable research method in mammalian developmental biology and birth defects research, enabling longitudinal studies of explanted organogenesis-stage rodent embryos. Rat serum is the primary culture medium, and can sustain growth and development over limited periods as in utero. However, the cost, labor, and time to produce culture serum are factors limiting the uptake of the methodology. The goal of replacing or at least reducing rat serum usage in culture would be in accordance with the principles of "replacement, reduction, and refinement" of animals in research (the 3Rs).
methodsWe performed cultures of mouse embryos for 24 hr from embryonic day 8.5 in serum-free media or in rat serum diluted with defined media, compared with 100% rat serum. Developmental parameters scored after culture included yolk sac circulation, dorsal axial length, somite number, protein content, and completion of cranial neural tube closure.
resultsA literature review revealed use of both serum-free and diluted rat serum-based media in whole embryo culture studies, but with almost no formal comparisons of culture success against 100% rat serum. Two serum-free media were tested, but neither could sustain development as in 100% rat serum. Dilution of rat serum 1:1 with Glasgow Minimum Essential Medium plus defined supplements supported growth and development as well as whole rat serum, whereas other diluent media yielded substandard outcomes.
conclusionRat serum usage cannot be avoided, to achieve high quality mouse embryo cultures, but rat usage can be reduced using medium containing diluted serum.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.