ArticleJournal of occupational health2019
Does working long hours increase the risk of cardiovascular disease for everyone?
Article in Journal of occupational health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Metabolomics for exposure assessment and toxicity effects of occupational pollutants: current status and future perspectives.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2022Pooled it
- Socioeconomic determinants of shift work employment in Canada and the Netherlands: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging and the Hoorn Study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Occupational Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Paradox of long working hours: how income levels and satisfaction modify health outcomes.Industrial health · 2025Article
- Differential impact of working hours on unmet medical needs by income level: a longitudinal study of Korean workers.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2022Article
- Health and Economic Impact of Atrial Fibrillation of Workers in Italy: Social Security Benefits.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Poor worker's long working hours paradox: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2018.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2022Article
- The Association Between Long Working Hours of Parents and Dyslipidemia in Their Children.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Variability in daily or weekly working hours and self-reported mental health problems in Korea, Korean working condition survey, 2017.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2021Article
- Current work hours and coronary artery calcification (CAC): The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).American journal of industrial medicine · 2020Article
- Association of long working hours and health-related productivity loss, and its differential impact by income level: A cross-sectional study of the Korean workers.Journal of occupational health · 2020Article
- Does working long hours increase the risk of cardiovascular disease for everyone?Journal of occupational health · 2019Article
- Cardiovascular health and workload in university workers.Revista brasileira de medicina do trabalho : publicacao oficial da Associacao Nacional de Medicina do Trabalho-ANAMTArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIt has been suggested that long working hours are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although studies on health inequality caused by income inequality have been performed, income levels of workers have been considered only as an adjusting factor in the relationship between long working hours and CVD. In the present study, we investigated the modifying effects of household income level in the relationship between working hours and estimated risk of CVD. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe analysed a total of 11,602 Koreans who were randomly enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2016) with complete data. Nonparametric associations between weekly working hours and estimated risk of CVD were explored according to quartiles of equalised household income by gender, and the size of linear associations among weekly working hours and estimated CVD risk after stratifying for equalised household income by gender was considered.
resultsA 4.1% increased risk of CVD was associated with 10 hours or longer per day weekly working hours among males with the highest household income after adjusting for age, equalised household income, occupation, and shift work, but such was not associated among lower income groups. Negative associations between equalised household income and estimated CVD risk were observed only among low household income males.
conclusionLong working hours and household income level can have differential effects on the risk of CVD by socioeconomic status. This study shows that positive income effect may dominate the potential negative effect of long working hours with respect to the risk of CVD in the low-income group.
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