ArticleEcology and evolution2019
Chemical defense of toad tadpoles under risk by four predator species.
Article in Ecology and evolution, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Changes in the chemical defenses of an invasive toad indicate drivers and limitations of adaptation.iScience · 2026Article
- A biological invasion reduces rates of cannibalism by Japanese toad tadpoles.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Dark or light? Preference of anuran tadpoles to background illumination in response to food and predators.Journal of biosciences · 2023Article
- Does the Glucocorticoid Stress Response Make Toads More Toxic? An Experimental Study on the Regulation of Bufadienolide Toxin Synthesis.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Variation in size and shape of toxin glands among cane toads from native-range and invasive populations.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Numbers, neighbors, and hungry predators: What makes chemically defended aposematic prey susceptible to predation?Ecology and evolution · 2020Article
- The impact of multiple climatic and geographic factors on the chemical defences of Asian toads (Bufo gargarizans Cantor).Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Chemical defense of toad tadpoles under risk by four predator species.Ecology and evolution · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many organisms use inducible defenses as protection against predators. In animals, inducible defenses may manifest as changes in behavior, morphology, physiology, or life history, and prey species can adjust their defensive responses based on the dangerousness of predators. Analogously, prey may also change the composition and quantity of defensive chemicals when they coexist with different predators, but such predator-induced plasticity in chemical defenses remains elusive in vertebrates. In this study, we investigated whether tadpoles of the common toad (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.