ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
An interoceptive illusion of effort induced by false heart-rate feedback.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The influence of a single transcranial direct current stimulation session on physical fitness in healthy subjects: a systematic review.Experimental brain research · 2023Pooled it
- Predictive Processing in Sport and Exercise Science: A Scoping Review and Theoretical Overview.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Exposure to false cardiac feedback alters pain perception and anticipatory cardiac frequency.eLife · 2026Article
- Stressor-evoked heart rate, perceived physiological arousal, and anxiety symptoms in young adults.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Interoception, cardiac health, and heart failure: The potential for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven diagnosis and treatment.Physiological reports · 2025Review
- The gut and heart's role in reward processing.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2025Review
- Influences of heart rate feedback and autistic traits on affective mindreading.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Probing corporeal awareness in women through virtual reality induction of embreathment illusion.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Gesture sonification for enhancing agency: an exploratory study on healthy participants.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Editorial "Embodiment in the Metaverse: How Real and Virtual Bodies in Interaction Affect Cognition".Journal of cognition · 2024Article
- Influence of alexithymia severity in the healthy population on the susceptibility to false interoceptive feedback.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Self-regulation training improves stress resilience in elite pre-pubescent female gymnasts.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Mapping the mental space of emotional concepts through kinematic measures of decision uncertainty.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- The neuroscience of body memory: Recent findings and conceptual advances.EXCLI journal · 2023Review
- Article
- Editorial: Physical and psychological proximity in humans: From the body to the mind and vice-versa.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways: an active inference perspective on non-suicidal self-injury behaviors.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2023Article
- From Virtual Reality to Regenerative Virtual Therapy: Some Insights from a Systematic Review Exploring Inner Body Perception in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Fear conditioning as a pathogenic mechanism in the postural tachycardia syndrome.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interoception, or the sense of the internal state of the body, is key to the adaptive regulation of our physiological needs. Recent theories contextualize interception within a predictive coding framework, according to which the brain both estimates and controls homeostatic and physiological variables, such as hunger, thirst, and effort levels, by orchestrating sensory, proprioceptive, and interoceptive signals from inside the body. This framework suggests that providing false interoceptive feedback may induce misperceptions of physiological variables, or "interoceptive illusions." Here we ask whether it is possible to produce an illusory perception of effort by giving participants false acoustic feedback about their heart-rate frequency during an effortful cycling task. We found that participants reported higher levels of perceived effort when their heart-rate feedback was faster compared with when they cycled at the same level of intensity with a veridical feedback. However, participants did not report lower effort when their heart-rate feedback was slower, which is reassuring, given that failing to notice one's own effort is dangerous in ecologically valid conditions. Our results demonstrate that false cardiac feedback can produce interoceptive illusions. Furthermore, our results pave the way for novel experimental manipulations that use illusions to study interoceptive processing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.