ArticleCancers2019
Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Natural Killer Cell Function in Pancreatic Cancer.
Article in Cancers, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Tumour-derived exosomes in liver metastasis: A Pandora's box.Cell proliferation · 2023Pooled it
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Mechanisms of tumor cell evasion from NK cell-mediated killing and advances in NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2026Review
- Towards liquid biopsy-based analysis of antitumour immunity.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Extracellular Vesicles and Plant-Derived Vesicles in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Immune Regulation and the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Next-generation CAR-NK cell therapy: engineering strategies, translational challenges, and future perspectives in cancer immunotherapy.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- The TGF-βR1 inhibitor galunisertib re-shapes the PDAC-TME by limiting decidual-like natural killer cells polarization.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Cholangiocarcinoma derived exosomes attenuate the anti-tumor functions of NK cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cortical cell culture model for examining cancer extracellular vesicle dynamics and neuroinflammatory response.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune cell-based therapies for solid tumors, current challenges and therapeutic advances.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: effects on thyroid cancer progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- New insights into extracellular vesicles in metastatic cancer: From mechanisms to diagnostics and targeted therapies.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles in natural killer cell immune evasion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic insights.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- The recent progress of tumor cell-derived exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of tumors.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Metastatic heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer: mechanisms and opportunities for targeted intervention.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Energy stress and adaptation strategy of tumor cells in different microenvironments: from primary tumors to distant metastases.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in cancer´s communication: messages we can read and how to answer.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) induce pre-metastatic niche formation to promote metastasis. We isolated EVs from a highly-metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line and patient-derived primary cancer cells by ultracentrifugation. The protein content of EVs was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of PDAC-derived EVs on natural kill (NK) cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The serum EVs' TGF-β1 levels were quantified by ELISA. We found that integrins were enriched in PDAC-derived EVs. The expression of NKG2D, CD107a, TNF-α, and INF-γ in NK cells was significantly downregulated after co-culture with EVs. NK cells also exhibited decreased levels of CD71 and CD98, as well as impaired glucose uptake ability. In addition, NK cell cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer stem cells was attenuated. Moreover, PDAC-derived EVs induced the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in NK cells. Serum EVs' TGF-β1 was significantly increased in PDAC patients. Our findings emphasize the immunosuppressive role of PDAC-derived EVs and provide new insights into our understanding of NK cell dysfunction regarding pre-metastatic niche formation in PDAC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.