ArticlePloS one2019
Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of fish consumption on micronutrient status of children.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating women in Indonesia and Malaysia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Fish and Fish-Based Products for Nutrition and Health in the First 1000 Days: A Systematic Review of the Evidence from Low and Middle-Income Countries.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of prepregnancy body mass index on maternal micronutrient status: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Prenatal sunlight in the second trimester predicts timing of menarche in Polish women born between 1985 and 1991.International journal of biometeorology · 2026Article
- Predictors of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Eastern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Effects on Pregnancy Outcomes.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of hypovitaminosis D in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study among first-trimester pregnant women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Serum Concentration Among Pregnant Women Attending a Malaysian Tertiary Hospital.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association With Vitamin D Receptor Gene Variants Among Malaysian Women With Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy: Protocol for a Nutrigenomics Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Article
- Clinical practice of vitamin D screening and supplementation in pregnancy in Asia-pacific countries: A cross-sectional study.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Vitamin D status and clinical implications in the adult population of Malaysia: a position paper by the Malaysian Vitamin D Special Interest Group.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2023Review
- Vitamin D status in non-pregnant women of reproductive age: a study in Southern Thailand.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A comprehensive review on the impact of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency and allied metabolic disorders in females.Food science & nutrition · 2023Review
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Indonesian pregnant women: a public health emergency.AJOG global reports · 2023Review
- Review
- Antibody dynamics post-Comirnaty and CoronaVac vaccination in Malaysia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite perennial sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysians especially pregnant women. This study determines the vitamin D status and its associated factors among third trimester pregnant women attending government health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
methodsInformation on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical history, and sun exposure were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Vitamin D intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was measured and classified as deficient (< 30 nmol/L), insufficient (30-50 nmol/L), and sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L).
resultsOf the 535 pregnant women recruited, 42.6% were vitamin D deficient. They consumed an average of 8.7 ± 6.7 μg of vitamin D daily. A total of 80.4% of the vitamin D were obtained from the food sources, while 19.6% were from dietary supplements. Fish and fish products showed the highest contribution to vitamin D intake (35.8%). The multivariable generalized linear mixed models, with clinic as a random effect, indicates that higher intake of vitamin D is associated with lower odds of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93-0.99). The odds of having vitamin D deficiency was reduced by 87% in non-Malays (OR = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.05-0.41) compared to Malays. No associations were found between age, educational level, monthly household income, work status, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, total hours of sun exposure, total percentage of body surface area, and sun exposure index per day with vitamin D deficiency.
conclusionVitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysian pregnant women. Considering the possible adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, future nutrition education should emphasise on vitamin D-fortified foods consumption among pregnant women by taking into consideration ethnic differences.
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